BIOGRAPHY 



395 



Albertus Magnus, born 1193, a man of great sanctity 

 and learning, was appointed Bishop of Ratisbon, and 

 assisted at the General Council of Lyons in 1274. He 

 left numerous works, and amongst his scholars was the 

 famous Thomas Aquinas. Died, 1280. 



Albuquerque, Alfonso d* (Al-boo-kair'-kd), a Portu- 

 gese Viceroy of the Indies, born in 1452, made his first 

 expedition to the East in 1503, and in 1508 became 

 governor of the Indies. After a just and humane rule, 

 he died at Goa. 1515. 



Alrlblades (al-se-bi'-a-deez), A famous Athenian gen- 

 eral, born at Athens about 450 B. C., and educated in 

 the house of his uncle Pericles. He held joint command 

 with Nicias over the expedition against Sicily; but, 

 during his absence, being accused of impiety, he fled to 

 Sparta, and then to Persia. Recalled to Athens, he 

 forced the Lacedemonians to sue for peace, and made 

 several conquests, but again losing his popularity, he 

 withdrew to the court of Pharnabazus, the Persian 

 .satrap, in I'hrygia. His treacherous host, instigated by 

 Lysander, King of Sparta, set fire to the place where 

 Alcibiades lived, and in seeking to escape, he was assas- 

 B. C. 404. 



Alcott, Louisa May, born in 1833, an American 

 authoress. She began early to write, but met with no 

 marked success till the publication of " Little Women " 

 in 1867. She wrote many other books, the material for 

 her first volume, "Hospital Sketches," being gathered 

 duritiK her experience as nurse in the military nospital 

 ungton, where she went in 1862. Died, 1888. 



Alcuin, English theologian, especially noted as the 

 coadmtor of Charlemagne in his educational reforms. 

 At the invitation of that emperor he left England, and 

 settled in I-' ranee, where he founded several schools; but 

 on being made Abbot of Tours he abandoned the court 

 and devoted himself to theology. 



Aldrlrli. X.-l-iin \Vilmarth, United States Senator 

 from Rhode Island. December 5, 1881-1905; born 

 in Foster, R. I., November 6, 1841; academic education; 

 is engaged in mercantile pursuits. President of Provi- 

 I'ommon Council. 1871-73; member Rhode 

 Island Legislature 1875-76, and its speaker. 1876; 

 member of Congress, elected for terms 1879-83, but 

 resigned to take seat in senate; Republican. Chairman 

 of Committee on Finance, and Republican leader in 

 senate. 



Al'd rich, Thomas Bailey, American poet and editor; 

 born in 1836. While engaged in the office of a New 

 York merchant he began to write verses, the success of 

 which soon induced him to enter on a literary career. 

 His first volume, miscellaneous poems, was published in 

 id was called "The Bells"; since then he has 

 published " Babie Bell." several other volumes of poems. 

 arnl "The Story of a Bad Boy," Mr. Aldrich has been 

 an industrious contributor to our best periodicals, and 

 waa on the editorial staff of the " Home Journal " 1856-59 

 and "Every Saturday." In 1881 he became editor of 

 .1 antic Monthly," but resigned in 1890. Died, 

 1907. 



Alembert (H-lon-bare' ) , Jean le Bond d*, a celebrated 

 man of letters and a mathematician, the natural son of 

 Madame de Tencin and the poet Destouches; waa born 

 in 1717. He was the friend of Voltaire, and acquired 

 high esteem by his works. which till eighteen volumes. 

 His treatises on dynamics and fluids at once established 

 for him a reputation in science. Died. 1783. 



Alexander I.. l';uilm lYh. born '" 1777; Kmperor of 

 Russia and KitiK of Poland, lie succeeded to the throne 

 in ixul. :uid showed himself 11 brave and judicious mon- 

 arch. He entered into a treaty with England, Austria, 

 and Sweden to resist the encroachments <>f I ranee, but 

 was defeated at the battles of Aust,-rl,t/, l.ylau. and 

 Friedland, and compelled to make peace with Napoleon 

 In 1812 war again broke out. and <m the ooo- 

 clusion of peace in 1814 Alexander visited England and 

 g^g^gm He was succeeded on the throne by his brother 

 m. Died. 1825. 



Alexander II.. N i. I...I.IM. h. ' HT of Russia. 



born in 1X1X; luooeeded hi* father ii* ctnr in 1856. He 



: m IMI M liter <>f the (irand Duke 



Louis II., of Hesse Darmstadt. He t< 



Crimean War soon after hi* accession by the Treaty of 



Paris. Though tm i military life. 



he devoted himself to the internal affair* < 



improved the popular education, and emancipated the 



Russian serfs. He waged war successfully on 1 



S. He was assassinated in the streets of St. 



-d. 1881. 



\ieiandrr III., ol Ifacedon, dreat " 



bora la 8MB. C.. MO of Philip. n.-wa- i > ! i ! 



totle, and early cave proofs of skill and courage. 



A revolt of Thebes at the commencement of his reign 

 was promptly quelled with great severity; then crossing 

 the Hellespont, he marched against the Persians, whom 

 he repeatedly defeated, conquering Phenicia and Egypt. 

 After the final defeat of Darius at Gaugamela, and 'the 

 capture of Babylon. Susa. and Persepolis, Alexander 

 commenced the conquest of India, but after crossing the 

 Indus and penetrating as far as the Ganges, he was com- 

 pelled to return to Babylon, but paused at Susa to cele- 

 brate his marriage with the daughter of Darius. He 

 died at Babylon after a reign of about thirteen years; 

 his body was embalmed and taken to Alexandria, which 

 city had been founded by him and named in his honor. 

 Died. 323 B. C. 



Alexander VIII. (Pope), Pletro Ottobonl. born in 

 1610. Bishop of Brescia, and afterwards of Fraacati; he 

 became pope in 1689, and succeeded in reforming. many 

 abuses and re-establishing friendly relations with France. 

 He placed in the Vatican the fine collections of books and 

 manuscripts left him by the Queen of Sweden. Died, 

 1691. 



Alexander, Nevskoi, Saint, born in 1219. Prince of 

 Novogorod. A brave soldier, his surname of " Nevaky " 

 was given him after a signal victory over the Swedes on 

 the banks of the Neva. He submitted to Batu Khan, 

 the Tartar Chief, who confirmed him in his dominions, 

 and also bestowed upon him the sovereignty of Southern 

 Russia. Died, 1263. 



Alexis (a-lcx'-i*), Mlchaelowltr, a Russian emperor, 

 born in 1630, came to the throne in 1646. and died in 

 1677. He was the progenitor of Peter the Great. In hia 

 reign the laws of the kingdom were first printed, various 

 manufactories established, Moscow beautified, and many 

 new cities built. 



Alfleri (al-fe-a'-re), Victor, a Piedmontese count, born 

 in 1749. This distinguished poet is the author of several 

 esteemed tragedies, sonnets, and other works of fancy. 

 He is equally celebrated for his "liaison" with the 

 Countess of Albany. Died, 1803. 



Alfonso I., of Asturias and Leon, born in 693; a wise 

 and brave king, who, elected in 739. succeeded in expell- 

 ing the Moors from Galicia, Leon, and Castile. He also 

 established towns, built churches, and generally improved 

 the internal condition of his country. Died. 756. 



Alfonso X., of Leon and Castile, born in 1226, suc- 

 ceeded to the throne in 1252; aspired to be Emperor of 

 Germany, and ; ". 1L'.">7 divided the election with Richard 

 of Cornwall. In 1272 he again unsuccessfully attempted 

 to gain the imperial crown. He was driven from the 

 throne by his son Sancho. He waa the most learned 

 ruler of his time. Died, 1284. 



Alfonso XIII., King of Spain, born in 1886. son of 

 Alfonso XI I. As direct heir to the throne in the male 

 line his birth gave great satisfaction, and Queen 

 Christina was appointed regent during his minority. 



Alfred the <;n-at. born in Wantage. Berks. 840. the 

 youngest son of Kthelwulf. King of the West Saxons, 

 succeeded on the death of his brot her l-'.t helrni to a throne 

 threatened bv invasion from without and dissension 

 within. His first care was to drive off the Danes, whom 

 he is said to have encountered in fifty-six battles by land 

 and sea. The great victory of Edington (878) led to the 

 peace of Wedmrc. and Alfred was thus for a time free 

 to devote himself to the peaceful reforms for which hi* 

 name is renowned. Prominent amongst these are the 

 establishment of social order, the encouragement of 

 learning, and the founding of a national flwt. Alfred 

 died in '.'oi. esteemed as a religious and industrious man. 

 and a wise and learned king. 



Altrrr, Russell Alexander, senator, capitalist: born 

 in Lafayette township, Medina County, O.. February 



27. 1836; orphaned at U years of age and for - 

 yearn worked on farm, earning money to defray expenses 

 0.) Academy during w intern. Taught 

 l t\Mi winters; admitted to bar, 1850; 



i Icveland; rcm.\ ed 1> Michigan. Jan 

 began lumbering in a small way: enliaU 



' . and served as captain and major 

 lonel Sixth Michigan, colonel F 

 cavalry; In- general and . 



volunteers. I,, lumber business after war; head of 



win and operates extensive timber tracts and 







.11 National Convention. 1888; one 



of United States. 1807-00. retimed; 



Stale- MBjatOI -.;>: .'7. I'.MI.'. PO MMSjtd .lame* 



McMillan deceased. 



Spanish- American War. 



.01007. Aui 

 [55t. btod, 1907, 



