BIOGRAPHY 



399 



Antomarchi (an-to-mar'-ke). Doctor* a celebrated 

 anatomist, born in 1780 in Corsica. When Napoleon 

 was a captive he was selected to attend the deposed 

 emperor. He remained with him in his last moments, 

 and refused to sign the document prepared on the ex- 

 arm nation >f the corpse by the English surgeons. He 

 died in 1838. 



Antoni'nus Pius, Titus* adopted son and successor 

 of Hadrian, Emperor of Rome, was born in 86. His 

 reign of twenty-three years was powerful and prosperous. 

 d in 161. 



Antony. Marc (Latin, Antonina Marcus), this cele- 

 brated triumvir was born in the year 86 B. C. He was 

 the son of Antonius Cretensis by Julia, an eminent lady 

 of the Ciesarian familv. He attached himself to Ca-sar. 

 and commanded the left wing of his army at the battle 

 of i'hursalia. and rose five years afterwards to be the 

 colleague of his commander. After Caesar's death he 

 for the sovereignty. He repudiated Fulvia, his 

 wife, to marry Octavia, the sister of Augustus; a violent 

 passion for Cleopatra, the beautiful Queen of Egypt. 

 cau-cd him to desert Octavia. He lost the battle of 

 Actmrn. and, deserted, by his friends, put an end to his 

 e. in the year 30 B. C. Another Marcus An- 

 tonius, grandfather of the above, a brave and eloquent 

 consul , is described by Cicero, as having made Roman 

 eloquence rival that of Greece. He died 67 B. C. 



Apelles (a-pel'-leez), a celebrated Greek painter, born 



in the island of Cos, according to Pliny, but by some 



writers said to have been a native of Ephesus. During 



M of Philip, father to Alexander the great, Apelles 



Macedon. The monarch became his patron and 



friend, as did Alexander after him. The latter would 



not permit any one else to paint his portrait. His most 



famous works are "Venus asleep," and "Venus Anad- 



yomene." He died in the island which is supposed to 



have been his native place. 



Apollodorus of Damascus, a great architect of the 

 Second Century, worked at Rome for the Emperor Tra- 

 jan. and built the forum and column which bear that 

 monarch's name, but his greatest work was a huge bridge 

 over the Danube at its confluence with the Alt. He 

 was banished and put to death by Hadrian. 



Apollonius (a-pol-lo'-ne-us), called the Rhodian 

 ( \j*)llonius Rhodius), was born in Alexandria, B. C., 

 j:). He presided over an academy at Rhodes, was an 

 eminent rhetorician, and wrote a poem, in four books, 

 on the expedition of the Argonauts, and other poems. 

 This name was also borne by a mathematician of Perga 

 in Pamphylia. who lived in 240 B. C. ; by a Roman senator, 

 ami Christian martyr, who suffered in 186; and by a 

 HpUet, a stoic, and a Pythagorean philosopher. 



A polios (a-pol'-los), a Jew born in Alexandria, and 



ron verted in the time of the Apostles to Christianity. 



In the year 54, being at Ephesus, and famed for elo- 



and Scriptural knowledge, he preached the gos- 



IH-! m the absence of St. Paul. At Corinth he preached 



with Kreat success, and was there promoted to the dig- 



f a bishop. 



Aquinas (a-Jnri'-na), St. Thomas d*, popularly 

 HIM the "Angelic Doctor," was a descendant from the 

 counts of Aquino, in Calabria. He was born in 1'JL't. 

 iiml in lilLM Pope John XXII. enroll. -.1 his nam- in the 

 calendar of saints. His writings, which are very highly 

 esteemed among Catholics, gave rise to a sect called 

 sta. Died. 1274. 



\r.iijo (ar-d-0o'). Dominique, a celebrated l-'rench 

 her; was ix.m February 26. 1786. In lsn;. 

 he was 



ardent and successful devotion to --i, !,..-. he was also 



us a liberal politician. ])<> died m < 

 \rh.i.e- 'ir-6a'-M). a general of the Medea, who 

 ..der Sardanapalus. King of Assyria. Disgusted 

 with the effeminacy of that monarch. Arbaces took 

 arms against him. an<l oompetted him to fly to Nineveh. 

 where be committed suicide, when Arbaces ascended 

 his throne, which he filled for twe. an. 



\ r< . Joan of. a celebrated heroine, otherwi - 

 the Maid of Orleans, was born at Domnmjr, on the 

 borders of Lorraine, about 14(H). She wn* the daughter 

 of hunihlp peasant*, ami m her earlier \i-.-ir- i 

 have tended horses, mul rendered other mi-mai 

 as the servant at a -m-ill inn. In h.-r eighteenth year. 



ive n dhriM mission to 

 try, she got herself introduced to the 

 Dauphin Charles, headed hi* troojwi. nnl infusing 



haunted a,|herc n t-. re-tored hin fallen fortune* 

 <t incredibly -hurt period, and nerured to him 



the Crown of I l\ she fell into t ! 



; -uthsli, and havini: Keen del ' \ them 



to the HurKundiuns and their French partisans, the 



engaged, with Hint, in DMMOfini an arc <>f me- 

 nu subsequent life was distinguished by an 



latter caused her to be condemned to the flames as a 

 heretic and sorceress, in 1431. 



Archelaus, a Cappadocian. the distinguished general 



of Mithridates VI., flourished in the First Century B. C. 



After defeating Nicomedes III. at Amnias. 88 B. C.. he 



! sailed to Greece, captured Delos and other towns, and 



I induced Achaia. Lacedemon, and Bu-otia to form an 



alliance with Mithridates against Rome. Sulla besieged 



him in the Piraeus, and compelled him to withdraw his 



forces. Returning to the contest with a still larger 



| army, Archelaus was again defeated and forced to retire. 



when, acting upon instructions received from Mithri- 



dates. he concluded peace with Sulla, but upon terms 



unsatisfactory to the king, and he finally deserted to the 



Romans, after which little is known of him. 



Archimedes (ar-ke-me'-detz). a renowned mathema- 

 tician, whose astonishing skill in mechanics was such. 

 that some of the greatest real triumphs of antiquity may 

 be ascribed to him. His inventions amazed his contem- 

 poraries: the lifting of weights by means of pulleys, and 

 the endless screw, are among them. A Roman historian 

 celebrates the warlike engines produced by the skill of 

 Archimedes. His mind ever fruitful of extraordinary 

 resources, when Syracuse was besieged by Marcel lus. he 

 constructed a burning-glass, on a scale of such magnitude, 

 that by means of it the enemy's fleet was fired. Eventu- 

 ally the city being taken, he was found among the slain. 



Argand, Alme', born in 1755, a chemist of Geneva. 

 inventor of the Argand lamp, which he brought out in 

 England in 1782. The patent was also claimed by a 

 Frenchman, Ambroise Lange*. and finally taken out in 

 France in their joint names, the priority of invention 

 being conceded to Argand. The French Revolution. 

 however, deprived him of all profit from his patent. 

 Died. 1803. 



Ariosto (ar-e-otf-to), Ludovico. a famous Italian 

 poet. He was born at Reggio in 1474. and educated at 

 Ferrara. His writings were numerous, but his "Orlando 

 Furioso" is the work which established his fame. Died. 

 1533. 



Aristotle (ar'-is-tot-l), a distinguished philosopher. 

 born at Stagvra in Thrace, 384 B. C. When seventeen 

 years of age. he had the advantage of being placed under 

 Plato, who pronounced his eulogy by describing him to 

 be "the mind" of his academy. His growing fame 

 caused Philip of Macedon to make him tutor to his son 

 Alexander. That prince is said to have profited from 

 his sage counsel to restore towns that he had ruined. 

 Pursued by envy, Aristotle was accused of impiety, and 

 retired to Chalcis. where he died 323 B. C. 



Aristides (ar-is-ti'-dttz), an Athenian patriot whose 

 unbending integrity gained for him among his country- 

 men the name of The Just. He distinguished himself at 

 Marathon, Salamis, and Platira. After gaining great 

 honor for virtuous conduct, he died p<x>r. 467 B. C. 

 There were also, an orator of Adriani in Mysia. a Chris- 

 tian philosopher in Athens, a painter of Thebes, a histo- 

 rian mentioned by Plutarch as of Miletus, and a Greek 

 musician, who bore the same name. 



\ri-tophiine-. (a-rit-tof-a-nfcz). The most cele- 

 brated of the ancient Athenian writers of comedy, con- 

 temporary with Socrates and Plato. HP wrote tifty- 

 four comedies, of which eleven only remain. In one of 

 them, "The Clouds." Socrates (or rather the philosophy 

 of the age) is held up to ridirule. The date of his death 

 is not known. 



A HUH (a'-n'-u*). a presbyter in the Church of Alexan- 

 dria. who lived in the Fourth Century. His doctrine 

 was that the Father 

 That the latter 



the former. 1 or this he was excommuni 

 ished. hut having Keen recalled. WH-H about again to enter 

 the Church from which he had h.-en exiled, when he nud- 

 ilenly expired. The sort called Ariann nrr named after 

 him. hut they d<> not adopt all hi* opinions. 



\rkurlcht. Sir Richard, born , 17.<:'; 



;,ed a* the invent. T of the spinmnK- 



frame. Of humble birth, he exhibited ooneMenUXi 

 mechanical skill, joined with the greatest indunt 

 1767 he attempted to solve the problem of peipetual 

 motion, and soon after, with the help of a 



;. inning inventions began to U 

 ith a firm 



ifacturpm. anil hi* invention wan pa 

 *, f 



ne rourtn tentury. HIM doctrine 

 and Son were essentially d,-tmct. 

 reated out of nothing i<\ the will of 

 i he was excommunicated and ban- 



1769. and though in.-uiv difficulties arm*, from infringe- 

 i. the hfwtilitv of the work-people. 

 utcfl to h.- dam. an the inventor of hn machine*. 

 Arkwnght was enabled to rise from poverty, n 

 chnnen to prment a commit ulatory addreei to George III. 

 raaton he WM knighted. Died. 1792. 

 Armour. J.m.it h.m < 

 in Milwaukee, Wi>..NovMnbar 11, 1803; entered Yale 



