400 



T1IK STANDARD DICTIONARY OF FACTS 



but did not complete course, yielding to request of I 

 father that he should return to Chicago and relieve him 

 of some of his business N w president of Corpo- 



ration of Armour & Co., packers, and director in other 

 corporations. 



Arnhcim or Arnirn. George, Haron \>n. born in 

 1581, a distinguished general and politician, who took part 

 in the Thirty Years' \\ :ir, serving successively under ( lu.>- 



\ iolphus, \V:illenstein. and the Elector o; : 

 After gaining the decisive victory of Lie-: 

 retired to his estates, Imt was seized and imprisoned by 

 the King of Sweden; he escaped, however, hut died soon 

 after. Died, 1641. 



Arnold, Benedict, horn in 17-JO; American general, 

 a brave but unprincipled man. At fifteen he enlisted in 

 the English army, but soon deserted, and adopted a 

 mercantile life. In the Anglo-American War Arnold 

 took an extremely active part, his skill and gallantry 

 being especially exhibited in the siege of (Quebec and the 

 victories of Ridgefield and Benis. .Meanwhile a party 

 hostile to him had been growing up; his due promotion 

 was deferred, several serious charges were brought 

 'iim. the fortunes of the Americans grew worse 

 :<e. ami he became affected with the prevalent 

 spirit of desertion. Accordingly lie entered into nego- 

 tiation with the British commander, and treacherously 

 ;iid obtained the command of West Point, with 

 the intention of surrendering it to the enemy; the cap- 

 ture of Andre" betrayed his duplicity, and the traitor fled 

 in disgrace to the English army at New York. Hen- he 

 was appointed brigadier-general, and after serving 

 against his countrymen, retired to London. Died, 1801. 



\ mold. Sir Edwin. I\. ('. I. E., born in 1832; jour- 

 nalist and poet, educated at King's College, London, and 

 Oxford, where he won the Newdigate Prize in 1852. He 

 was for several years principal of the Government San- 

 scrit College at Poonah, Bombay Presidency, but resigned 

 his post in 1861, when he first became connected with 

 the "Daily Telegraph," for which he has continued to 

 write ever since, being appointed editor. His "Light of 

 Asia" (1879) achieved extraordinary popularity, and 

 obtained him a high place amongst the poets of the day. 



Arnold, Matthew, born in 1822, eldest son of Dr. 

 Arnold of Rugby, was educated at Winchester, Rugby, 

 and Balliol College, Oxford, and was a distinguished 

 critic, poet, scholar, and theologian. He was elected 

 Fellow of Oriel College in 1845, and in 1851, after having 

 been for some time private secretary to Lord Lansdowne, 

 he was appointed Lay Inspector of Schools under the 

 Committee of Council on Education, in which capacity 

 he twice visited the Continent for the purpose of collect- 

 ing information, and which appointment he resigned in 

 1886. His poetic activity was manifested in early life; 

 for ten years (1857-1867) he held the chair of poetry 

 at Oxford, and amongst his productions may be noted 

 his Newdigate prize poem "Cromwell" (1843), "The 

 Strayed Reveller," and a volume of "New Poems" pub- 

 lished in 1869. As a critic he holds a very high place. 

 His later works wore chiefly theological, being attempts 

 to grapple with the supernatural aspects of Christianity 

 from a rationalistic standpoint. "St. Paul and Protes- 

 tantism" (1871), "Literature and Dogma" (187.''.), and 

 "God and the Bible" (1875), are among his writings. 

 Died, 1888. 



Arnold, Thomas, D. D., born in 1795, was educated 

 at Winchester, and Corpus Christi College, Oxford. In 

 1815 he became Fellow of Oriel, obtaining in that year 

 the Chancellor's Prize for the Latin and in 1817 for Un- 

 English essay. After taking holy orders, he passed nine 

 years at Laleham, near Staines, in literary occupations, 

 and in preparing young men for the universities. Ap- 

 pointed head master of Rugby School in 1828, he raised 

 that institution beyond all precedent, both by the remark- 

 able success of his pupils and by the introduction of new 

 branches of study into the Rugby course. He was of 

 the Broad Church school of thought, and a vigorous 

 opposer of the then new Tractarian movement. In 1841 

 he was appointed professor of modern history at Oxford. 

 The best known of Dr. Arnold's works are his edition of 

 "Thucydides," his "History of Rome" (unfinished), and 

 mons delivered in the chapel of Rugby School 

 Died, 1842. 



Artemisia, Queen of Halicarnassus, wife and suc- 

 cessor of Mausolus, to whose memory she erected a 

 splendid monument, which has given to similar erec- 

 tions the name of "mausoleum." 



Arteveld, Jacob van, popular Flemish leader in the 

 Fourteenth Century, assisted Edward III. in his l-'rench 

 wars, and for nine years was practically ruler of I landers. 

 He determined to convert his country into a kingdom, 

 and offered the crown to the Prince of Wales, which led 

 to a tumult in which he was slain. Died, 1345. 



Arthur, Chester Alan, born in 1830; twenty-first 



i of the I' cited States; took a leading part in 



War. and from 1S71-7S was collector of the 



port of New York City. When Garticld was elected 



president, lie v. as vice-president, and on the former's 



assassination succeeded to the presidency. Died, 1886. 



Arthur. Julia, actress; born in Hamilton, Ont., 

 ixt)<. of Irish and Welsh parentage; real name, 

 Ida Lewis, slam- name being taken from her mother's 

 maiden name of Arthur. At 11, played in amateur 

 dramatic club, taking part of C.amora in "The Honev- 

 moon " and of Portia in "The Merchant of Venice '; 

 three years later made professional debut as the Prince 

 of Wales in "Daniel Bandmann's presentation of Rich- 

 ard 111."; remained three seasons with that company; 

 studied violin music and dramatic art in England; 

 first New York success at Union Square Theater in 

 "The Black Masque"; later in A. M. Palmer's company 

 in several roles, notably in "Mercedes," 1893; London 

 debut, February 1, 1895, in Henry Irvine's company, 

 playing roles next to Miss Terry; especially successful 

 as Rosamond in "A'Becket," with Irving and Terry in 

 I nited States, 1896. Now, Mrs. B. P. Cheney. 



Asbury, Francis, born in *1745; the "Pioneer 

 Bishop," an English Methodist preacher who undertook 

 an evangelistic mission to America in 1771, by the wish 

 of John Wesley. In 1784 he was ordained Bishop of 

 the Methodist Episcopal Church of America. Thence- 

 forth his life was devoted with untiring energy to the 

 organization and extension of that Church. Died, 1816. 



Ash mole, 1-1 lias, born in 1617; astrologer and anti- 

 quary, held the appointment of Windsor Herald, and 

 published the "History of the Order of the Garter." 

 He left many works, and presented to the University of 

 Oxford his valuable collection of coins, specimens, and 

 manuscripts. Died, 1692. 



Aspasia (as-pa'-se-a), a beautiful Athenian courtesan. 

 Socrates is said to have been one of her admirers. In 

 order to marry her, Pericles repudiated his wife. An 

 affront offered to Aspasia is said to have caused the 

 Peloponnesian War. 



Astor, John Jacob, capitalist; born in Rhinebeck, 

 N. Y-, July 13, 1864; son of William, grandson of Wil- 

 liam B., and great-grandson of John Jacob Astor; B. S., 

 Harvard, 1888; traveled abroad, 1888-91; since then 

 has been manager of the family estates; built (1897) 

 Astoria Hotel, New York, adjoining Waldorf Hotel, 

 which was built by William Waldorf Astor, his cousin, 

 the two now forming one building under the name of 

 Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, one of the largest and probably 

 most costly hotels in the world. Was colonel, staff of 

 Governor Levi P. Morton, and on May, 1898, commis- 

 sioned lieutenant-colonel of United States Volunteers; 

 presented to the government a mountain battery for 

 use in war against Spain, said to cost over $100,000. 

 After assisting Major-General Breckiriridge, Inspector- 

 General II. S. A., in inspection of camp and troops 

 at Chickamauga Park, Ga., assigned to duty on staff 

 of Major-Genera] Shaftcr, and served in Cuba in opera- 

 tions ending in surrender of Santiago. Has invented a 

 bicycle brake, a pneumatic road improver, and an im- 

 proved turbine engine. Author: "A Journey in Other 

 Worlds"; etc. 



Astor, William Waldorf, capitalist, author; born 

 in New York, March 31, 1848; son of John Jacob and 

 Charlotte Augusta (Gibbes) A.; great-grandson of John 

 Jacob, founder of the Astor fortune. Educated by pri- 

 vate tutors, finishing in Europe; entered office of the 

 Astor Kstate, 1871; succeeded his father, 1890, as head 

 of the Astor family, with personal fortune estimated at 

 about $100,000,000. Member of New York Legislature, 

 1878-81; United States minister to Italy, 1882-85; 

 removed to England, 1890; became owner "Pall Mall 

 Gazette" and "Pall Mall Magazine." Author: "Valen- 

 tino, a Story of Home "; "Sforza, an Historical Romance 

 of the Sixteenth Century in Italy "; etc. Has for many 

 years lived in England. 



Atahualpa, the last of the Incas of Peru, succeeded 

 his father, Huayna Capac, in 1525, on the throne of 

 Quito, whilst his half-brother, Huascar, although the 

 rightful heir, obtained only the kingdom of Peru. The 

 two brothers engaged in a struggle for supremacy, in 

 which Huascar was defeated. The Spaniards under 

 Pizarro, taking advantage of these internal dissensions, 

 invaded Peru, and by an act of deliberate perfidy ob- 

 tained possession of the person of Atahualpa, and at- 

 tempted to compel him to acknowledge the King of 

 Spain as master, and to embrace the Christian religion. 

 His refusal was made a pretext for a massacre, and the 

 imprisonment of their king, whom the Spaniards in- 

 duced to raise an enormous treasure in the hopes of 

 regaining his throne. After a mock trial, however, he 

 was condemned and strangled at the stake. Died, 1533 



