402 



THE STAXDAKI) DKTInXAIJV OF FACTS 



of Natural Philosophy." "Words Correctly Spoken." 

 "Columbus and the Columbia Brigade." "School Phys- 

 ics," "Elementary Physics." "First Lessons in Physical 



Science," "School Chemistry, Fhe Town Meeting," 



"History of the Unite.! States and Its People." 1.". vols. 



Avicenna, Ibn Sina, born in 980; the celebrated 

 Arab physician, a native of Bokhara, was author of the 

 world-famed "Book of the Canon of Medicine." Died, 

 1037. 



Haba. AH, was elected Dev of Algiers in 1710, after 

 the revolution in which Ibrahim Dey was killed. At 

 great sacrifice of lift*. Haba liberated Algiers from the 

 dominion of Turkey, and its independence was main- 

 tained until the French invasion in IS.'it). Died. 17 IS. 



Harh. .lohann Sebastian MA'i, an eminent German 

 musical composer, born in U>.v~>, became court organist 

 at Weimar, and finally director of music at the school 

 of St. Thomas, Leipzig. Barh was almost unrivaled as 

 an organist. His works are thoroughly original, pro- 

 foundly scientific, and most difficult of execution. 

 Died. 1750. 



Itacon. Augustus Oetavius, United States senator 

 from (Georgia; born in Bryan County, Georgia, October 

 '.: graduate of University of Georgia, 1859; law 

 department of same, 1860; Served as regimental ad- 

 jutant and staff captain in Confederate States Army : 

 in law practice in Macon since 1866; member several 

 'moeratic conventions (president, 1880); dele- 

 gate National Democratic Convention, 1884; several 

 times candidate for Democratic nomination for gover- 

 nor of Georgia; presidential elector, 1868; member, 

 1870-82, 1892. and 1893; speaker, 1873-74 and 1877-81, 

 Georgia House of Representatives; Democrat. Elected 

 to the United States Senate, 1895; reflected, 1901 and 

 H)()7. 



Bacon, Francis (bd'kn), Lord Verulam, and Viscount 

 St. Alban's, one of the greatest of modern philosophers, 

 was born in London in 1561. Entering parliament in 

 1593, he was knighted in 1603, and in 1613 became 

 attorney-general and privy-councillor. The office of 

 Lord Keeper was given him in 1617, and he was soon 

 afterwards made Lord Chancellor. But from this time 

 dates the beginning of his miserable fall. Complaints 

 were made of his venality as a judge, which on inquiry 

 by a parliamentary committee were verified; Bacon 

 then made full confession, was deprived of his offices, 

 fined, and imprisoned during the royal pleasure. He 

 was ultimately pardoned, but continued to live in retire- 

 ment, devoting himself to his favorite studies. The 

 great aim of this extraordinary man was to reform the 

 methods of philosophy; he recalls men from blindly 

 following authority to the observation and examination 

 of nature. His "Essays" were published in 1597, but 

 his greatest works are the "Novum Organum " (1603), 

 and the "De Augmentis Scientiarum" (1620). Died, 

 1626. 



Bacon, Roger, an English scientist and publicist 9f 

 the Thirteenth Century, the most learned of his day, is 

 reputed to have advocated the change since made in 

 the calendar, to have invented gunpowder, and is known 

 to have manufactured magnifying glasses. His great 

 work, "Opus Majus," urges philosophical reform, and 

 is a marvel of learning and prophecy. 



Haer, George F., railway official lawyer; born in 

 Somerset County, Pennsylvania, September 26, 1842; 

 educated at Somerset Institute, Somerset Academy, and 

 Franklin and Marshall College. At 13 entered office of 

 "Somerset Democrat"; worked at printing trade over 

 two years, and with his brother became owner of that 

 paper in 1861. His brother went to the war and he con- 

 ducted the paper; also studied law, principally at night. 

 Raised volunteer company August, 1862; elected cap- 

 tain, joined Army of Potomac at Second Bull Run and 

 took part in all engagements up to and including Chan- 

 cellorsville, when he was detailed as adjutant-general 

 second brigade; resumed legal studies and was admitted 

 to bar, 1864. Removed to Reading, lSf>H, gained large 

 practice at Berks County bar; counsel for Philadelphia 

 <fc Reading, 1870, and later a director, but resigned 

 because unable to agree with President McLeod's policy. 

 For years confidential legal adviser in Pennsylvania of 

 J. Pierpont Morgan; took prominent part in reorgani- 

 zation of Philadelphia & Heading K. R., 1893; elected 

 April, 1901, president of Philadelphia & Heading Hailwav 

 Co., Philadelphia & Reading Coal & Iron Co., and Central 

 R. R. Co., of New Jersey; took leading part for railway- 

 anthracite operators in negotiations and proceedings 

 connected with the anthracite coal strike situation, 1902. 



Bailey, Joseph Weldon, United States senator, 

 1901-13; born in Copiah County, Mississippi, October 6, 

 1863; admitted to bar, 1883; presidential elector, 1884; 

 removed to Texas, 1885, and began practice of law at 

 Gainesville; presidential elector at large, 1888; member 



>if ('(ingress from 1891-1901; caucus nominee of his party 

 for speaker and minority member; Committee on Rules 

 of 55th Congress. 



Bailey, Liberty Hyde, director of College of Agricul- 

 ture at Cornell since 1903; born in South Haven, Mich., 

 March 15, 1858; graduated at Michigan Agricultural Col- 

 lege, 1881' (M.fi i to Asa Cray. Harvard, 1882- 

 83; professor of horticulture and landscape gardening at 

 Michigan Agricultural College, 1883-88; professor of horti- 

 culture. Cornell, 1888-190.*. Author: "Survival of the 

 Unlike," "Evolution of our Native Fruits," "I.e ;<ms 

 with Plants," " Hot any, an F.lementary Text for Schools," 

 " Principles of Fruit Growing," "Principles of Vegetable- 

 gardening,"" Plant-Breeding," "Garden-Making, " Hor- 

 ticulturist's Rule-Book," "Principles of Agriculture," 

 "Nursery-Book," "Forcing-Book," " Pruning-Hook." 

 "Practical Garden-Book," "Cyclopedia of American 

 Horticulture," four volumes; "The Nature-Study Idea," 

 "Outlook to Nature," etc. Editor: "Rural Science 

 series," "Garden-Craft series," "Cyclopedia of Agri- 

 culture," contributor to technical journals and popular 



Bajazet I., born in 1347; Emperor of the Turks, son 

 of Murad I., whom he succeeded in 1389, began his reign 

 with a series of conquests, crossing the Danube and finally 

 defeating Sigismund of Hungary and his army of 100,000 

 men. Ill health alone prevented him crossing the Alps, 

 and he next turned to the conquest of Constantinople. 

 Bought off for the moment, he was diverted from the 

 ultimate accomplishment of his design by war with Tam- 

 burlaine the Great, by whom, in 1402, he was totally 

 defeated and taken prisoner, dying shortly afterwards. 

 Died, 1403. 



Balboa (bal-bo'-a), Vasco Nunez de, a Spaniard, and 

 one of the first Europeans who visited the West Indies. 

 He established a colony on the Isthmus of Panama, and 

 discovered the Pacific Ocean. He was accused of trea- 

 sonable designs, and in consequence put to death by the 

 Spanish governor of Darien, Pedraria Davila, in 1517. 



Baldwin I., younger brother of Godfrey of Bouillon, 

 whom he succeeded as King of Jerusalem, 1100, reigned 

 eighteen years. Died, 1118. 



Baldwin I., son of Baldwin VIII., Count of Flanders, 

 born 1 170, succeeded his father, 1 195 ; joined the Crusade 

 he led the successful attack on Constantinople, and was 

 crowned first Latin Emperor, 1204; defeated and cap- 

 tured by the Bulgarians, 1205. Died, 1206. 



Baldwin, James Mark, psychologist; born in Colum- 

 bia, S. C., January 12, 1861 ; graduate of Princeton, 1884, 

 A. M., 1887; Ph. D., 1889; Sc. D., Oxford University, 

 England, 1900; studied in Leipzig, Berlin and Tubingen; 

 Instructor of French and German at Princeton, 1886; 

 professor of Philosophy, Lake Forest University, Illinois, 

 1887-89; same, Toronto, Can., University, 1889-93 ; 

 professor psychology, Princeton, 1893-1903; professor 

 philosophy and psychology, Johns Hopkins, since 1903. 

 Author: "German Psychology of To-day" (translated), 

 "Hand Book of Psychology," Elements of Psychology." 

 "Mental Development in the Child and the Race," 

 Social and Ethical Interpretations in Mental Develop- 

 ment," "Story of the Mind," "Fragments in Philosophy 

 and Science," " Development and Evolution." "Editor 

 in-chief, Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology." 

 His various books have been translated into French. 

 German, Italian, and Spanish. Editor: "Psychological 

 Review," "Princeton Contributions to Psychology," 

 "Library of Historical Psychology," "Philosophy," 

 " Johnson's Universal Cyclopedia." 



Balfc, Michael William, born in 1808; musical 

 composer, as a boy showed great musical talent, and at 

 the age of 16, going to London, he was engaged in the 

 Drury Lane orchestra. While there he attracted the 

 attention of an Italian nobleman, Count Mazzara, who 

 took him to Italy to study music. After singing at Paris 

 in the Italian Opera under Rossini, Balfe returned to 

 Italy and produced in 1830 several operas. In 1835, he 

 went to England as a vocalist and composer of opera, and 

 after five years of successful composition he produced 

 two operas in Paris. In 1844, his most popular work, 

 "The Bohemian Girl," appeared at Drury Lane, to be 

 followed by several other operas before the fertility of 

 Balfe's genius was checked by a fatal attack of bron- 

 chitis. Died, 1870. 



Balfour, Right Hon. A. J., English statesman and 

 author. Educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cam- 

 bridge (M. A. '73, Hon. Fellow 1902); was private sec- 

 retary to Lord Salisbury 1878-80, and went with him to 

 Berlin in 1878; member of the so-called "Fourth 

 Party " ; president local government board 1885-86; 

 secretary for Scotland, with a seat in the cabinet, and 

 vice-president committee of council on education for 

 Scotland, 1886-87; chief secretary for Ireland, 1887-91, 



