BIOGRAPHY 



403 



and carried the Crimes Act through Parliament; created 

 the congested districts board for Ireland. 1890; first 

 lord of the treasury and leader of the house on the death 

 of Mr. W. H. Smith, 1891, and again in 1895-1905. On 

 the retirement of Lord Salisbury in 1902, he became 

 prime minister and lord privy seal, retaining the office 

 of first lord of the treasury. He introduced the educa- 

 tion act, 1902. When Mr. Chamberlain made his fiscal 

 proposals, 1903, Mr. Half our, holding that the country 

 was not ripe for the taxation of food, committed himself 

 and the government only to a policy of retaliation. At 

 the end of 1906 he and his cabinet resigned. Author of 

 rense of Philosophic Doubt," "Essays and Ad- 

 dresses" and "The Foundations of Belief, being Notes 

 Introductory to the Study of Theology." 



Ballon. Hosea, born in 1771; an American preacher 

 and founder of the " Universalists." He attained con- 

 siderable celebrity in the United States. Died. 1852. 



Balmez, James Luclan (b&l'm&h), a Spanish theo- 

 logian, born in 1810, is the author of a valuable work 

 entitled "Protestantism and Catholicism Compared in 

 tTects on the Civilization of Europe," which has 

 been translated into several languages, and is one of the 

 most elaborate contributions to modern theological 

 literature. Died, 1848. 



H.il/.n , llonore' de, born in 1799; French novelist, 

 was intended for the law, but left the legal profession for 

 literature, and under various assumed names produced 

 rapidly. In 1826 he entered into partnership with a 

 printer, but their publications were not successful; and 

 Balzac, depending solely upon his pen for a livelihood, 

 dared the greatest privations. He obtained no public 

 raeopnitioo till the appearance of his "Physiologic du 

 Manage," but afterwards he continued to write with 

 increasing success. In 1848 he married a Russian lady, 

 and after visiting Russia returned to Paris in broken 

 health, and shortly afterwards died (1850). His col- 

 lected works are included in forty-five volumes. 



Bancroft, (iconic, American historian and diplo- 

 matist, was born at Worcester, Mass., 1800. He gradu- 

 ated at Harvard College, 1813; proceeded to Gottingen 

 University, where he took the degree of I.L. 1 > 

 returned home and opened a school at Northampton. 

 In 1845,he became secretary of the navy in the cabinet 

 of Mr. Polk. In 1846. he was sent to Great Britain as 

 minister plenipotentiary, remaining in that country till 

 1849. In 1867. he received the appointment of minister 

 at the Prussian court. His principal works are 

 " History of the United States," and " History of the 

 'ied. 1891. 



Bancroft. Hubert Howe, historian; born in Gran- 

 ville, O., May 5, 1832. Entered bookstore of his brother- 

 in-law, Geo. H. Derby, Buffalo. N. Y., 1848. and in 1852 

 went to establish a branch in San Francisco; collected 

 as materials for Pacific coast history a library of 60,000 

 volumes, and with aid of a staff of collaborators, has 

 .mil published an historical series of 39 volumes, 

 covering the western part of North America; also" The 

 Book of the Fair." "The Book of Wealth 



Bauer (M'-ner), John, a Swedish commander of a 

 distinguished family, born in 1601. He was so much 

 addicted to literary studies that Gustavus Adolphus 

 Htyled him his "learned general." H -nn.d many 

 victories; was revered for his humanity; and, ha\m^ 

 acquired a high reputation, died at Haldherstadt in 1641. 



liarharossa, t rus< h and l\ halreddin. '1 he name 

 civi-n to two brothers of IJoiimehan extraction. whose 

 naval exploits against the Christian powers m r 

 terranean were famous in the early Sixteenth Century. 

 After gaining possession of Algiers. Urusch was .-lain in 

 battle against the Spaniards, but his brother, entering 



the service of the Turkish Sultan, defeated the .-: 

 and afterwards the Genoese fleet, ravaged the coasts of 

 Italy, took Tunis, and : defeated the 



i-ombmed fleets of the Pope, Ycm > 



triumphs were on! by his death, in 



i: !.!> ile'loli commander born about 



the middle of the Seventeenth Cent'.' dlstlll- 



guished by his conduct in the (ietman and I'-.lish cam- 



of 1806 and is"7. II 

 marshal, he succeeded Kutusow as 



imanded the Russians on the great day of 

 and subsequently became minister of war, and was made 

 n prince. Died. 



Har'ham, Itl.hart II a. Ms (better known by his 

 literary nom de plume ,,f Thomas Ingold 

 lish poet and humorist, born 17V>. entered hob 



graduate Sheffield Scientic School. Yale (Ph. B.). 1858; 

 M. D., Albany, 1863; was assistant in chemistry and 

 later professor ph ysiology, chemistry, and toxicology, 

 Yale; taught in other colleges; United States Commis- 

 sioner Paris Electrical Exhibition, 1881; delegate to 

 electoral congress and vice-president jury of awards; 

 received decoration commander Legion of Honor of 

 France; United States Commissioner Electrical Exhi- 

 bition, Philadelphia. 1884; on jury of awards World's 

 Columbian Exposition, 1893. Expert in poisons, crim- 

 inal cases; expert in Edison. Berliner, and other patent 

 suits. Member many American and foreign scientific 

 societies. For several years associate editor "The Amer- 

 ican Journal of .- Author: "Textbook of Ele- 



| mentary Chemistry," "Physics," etc. 



Barnard, i:.l\\ aid l.inerson. professor of astron- 

 omy, University of Chicago, and astronomer Yerkes 

 Observatory; born in Nashville, Tenn.. December 16. 

 1857; graduate of Vanderbilt University. 1887; as- 

 tronomer Lick Observatory. California. 1887-95. His 

 principal discoveries are the fifth satellite of Jupiter (1892). 



; and sixteen comets; has also made many other discov- 



i cries and done much work in celestial photography, mak- 



i ing photographs of the Milky Way. the comets, nebula-. 

 etc. Received Lalande gold medal. French Academy 

 of Sciences, 1892; Arago gold medal, same. 1893; gold 



I medal Royal Astronomical Society of Great Britain. 1897; 



I Janssen Gold medal. French Academy of Sciences. 1900; 

 elected foreign associate Royal Astronomers S< 



! 1898; member many American and foreign societies; 



| contributor to many astronomy journals. 



Barnabas, Saint, a teacher of Christianity, con- 

 temporary with the apostles, was a Invite and a native 

 of Cyprus. His original name is believed to have been 

 Joseph; that of Barnabas, or, "Son of Consolation." 

 being subsequently conferred on him by the disciples. 

 He was one of those who, after the resurrection, sold 

 their property, and laid the price of it at the apostles' 

 feet. It was by him that St. Paul was presentee: to the 

 other apostles, three years after his conversion. He is 

 described by St. Luke to have been a good man. full of 



; the Holy Ghost, and of faith. It is said that he was 

 stoned to death by the Jews of Cyprus, where, it is added 

 in the reign of the Emperor Zeno. about 488. his body 

 was discovered with the gospel of St. Matthew, written 

 in Greek, upon his breast. 



Barnum. I'hineas Taylor, born in 1810; an Amer- 

 ican showman and proprietor of "the greatest show 



earth." He was engaged in several professions, made 

 lost several fortunes, and his show was twice de- 



and 



came celebrated by his popular lyric*. ; 



1*46. 



vppMty 



y of Pennsylvania. 1872-1900. now emeritus pro- 

 ; born in Charlestown, Mass.. July 14. 1835; 



stroyed by fire. He brought out Tom Thumb, and 

 introduced Jenny Lind to the American public. He 

 twice visited Europe, the last time in 1K89. Died. 1891. 

 Barrett, John, diplomat; born in Graf ton. Vt.. 

 November 28. 1866; graduate of Dartmouth College. 

 1889. Taught Hopkins Academy. Oakland. CaL: 

 assistant editor Statistician, San Francisco; on editorial 

 staff newspapers San Francisco, Tacoma. Seattle; as- 

 sociate editor "Telegram." Portland. Ore., 1891-94; 

 American minister to Siam. 1894-98, settling by arbi- 

 tration claims involving $3.000.000 and securm* first 

 exact interpretation foreign extra-territorial jurisdiction 

 Asiatic countries; undertook special diplomatic and 

 commercial invest mat ions Japan. Siam. Korea. Siberia. 

 and India; war correspondent in Philippines. 1898-99; 

 elected honorary member American Asiatic Association 

 for services in development American commercial and 

 political interests in Asia; American plcni|x>tcnti:t 

 International Conference American Republics, M- 



1901-OL'; commercial-general of foreign affairs for St. 



louis i:\posi t K. n. Mm.' ii.; ; offered post American mm 



to Japan bv 1'ie-ident Roosevelt, but declined 



December 1<>. 1903; American minister to Argentina 

 ui; American minister to Panama, 1904-*>."-. Am.r 

 lean minister to Columbia. 1905-06; since I'.MH',. ,hi. 



International Bureau of th< 



tnbutor of articles for magasines and r< 



and Latin American subjects. Author: "Admiral 



George Dewey," and several other books on foreign 



attain 



M. t also known as "Gavin OgilvN 



born at Kirriemuir. Forfarshire. in 1840. He was edu- 

 cated at Dumfries Academy, and graduated M. A. at 

 l.dmbuu-h I 1882. Altar holding a Journal. 



ham he went to London and 

 - >7 



tootinr r is-.,,. !< l ', aflDfcM m IVM. 

 Sent n. ' ' 'irilvy. a Me- 



moir." m 1890; "Tommy and Grisel" in 1900, and in 



