BIOGRAPHY 



407 



title. "Tales of Soldiers and Civilians"), "Fantastic 

 Fables," "Shapes of Clay." 



Biot, Jean Baptiste (be'o), an eminent French as- 

 tronomer, optician, and natural philosopher, born in 

 Paris, 1774. He is especially celebrated as the discov- 

 erer of the circular polarization of light. Died, 1862. 



Bishop, Sir Henry Rowley, born in 1786; English 

 composer, early devoted himself to the composition of 

 dramatic music; and in 1809 produced his "Circassian 

 Bride." which was a great success. In 1810 he became 

 connected with Covent Garden Theater, and produced 

 many operas during this time, including "The Lady of 

 the Lake." "Guy Alannering," and "The Slave." In 

 .shop broke his connection with Covent Garden 

 to go to Drury 1-ane, and he was succeeded at the former 

 theater by Weber. It was in rivalry with Weber's 

 "Oberon" that Bishop produced the unsuccessful 

 "Aladdin." In 1840. his last dramatic 

 Fortunate Isles." was produced at Covent Garden in 

 honor of the queen's wedding; in 1842. he was knighted; 

 umi in 1848 he became professor of music at Oxford. 

 Died. 1855. 



HUmarck-Schonhausen, Karl Otto, Prince Von 

 (bte-m&rk-shoon-hou' 'ztn) , one of the greatest statesmen 

 of tlu> Nineteenth Century, was born in Brandenburg, 

 1M.">. After studying law at the universities of Got- 

 tingen ami Berlin, Bismarck-Schonhausen filled impor- 

 tant diplomatic positions, and was nominated prime 

 minister of Prussia in 1862. His reactionary policy 

 gave great offense to, and provoked many collisions 

 with, the Liberal party; and, ere long, he dissolved the 

 Representative Chamber, and declared that the minis- 

 try would act independent of popular suffrage. \ '<-.-- 

 marck-Schonhausen instigated the war against Den- 

 mark in 1864, which resulted in the acquisition of the 

 Schleswin-Holstein duchies by Prussia. The rivalry 

 which had long existed between Austria and Prussia, 

 as the leading German powers, was terminated by the 

 latter kingdom seceding from the Bund in 1866, and 

 form in an alliance with Italy against Austria. \\ ar 

 was declared in June, and the result of a six weeks' cam- 

 paign was the exclusion of Austria from German coun- 

 cils and interests. Bismarck-Schonhausen next set about 

 annexing the smaller states of Hanover, Hesse, etc., 

 and succeeded in negotiating a secret treaty, in August, 

 1866, with the South German powers, by virtue of 

 which their armies were placed under control of the 

 King of Prussia. In 1867, Bismarck-Schonhausen was 

 made chancellor of the German Confederation, and, in 

 ls7". brought about a coalition of the German powers 

 against France, in consequence of a declaration of w^ar 

 having been declared by Napoleon III. against Prussia, 

 on account of her interference in the succession to the 

 Spanish Crown. The German armies crossed the Rhine 

 in August, and, after defeating the French in several 

 obstinately-fought battles, compelled the capitulation 

 of the French Kinpemr with his army at Sedan, and 

 ultimately besieged Pan-, which city capitulated in 

 the early part of 1871. For his services in the sue 

 ful ca 

 tion 



Germany, Bismarck-Schonhausen was created a prince 

 of the empire m May, 1871. Died. 1898. 



Hispliain, .e. .rue I n Ker, lawyer, author; born in 

 Philadelphia. May 24, 1838; graduate of University of 

 Penn-\ Kama. 1858; law department . same, 1862; 

 admitted to bar, 1861; has practiced in Philadelphia 

 ever since: later admitted to bar of I'mted States 

 Supreme Court. One of solicitors of Pennsylvania 

 Railroad Company; solicitor of Philadelphia Sa\.m: 

 Fund Society, Girard Trust Company, and other cor- 

 porations; professor of e.|uiiy jur:-pnidenec. law de- 

 partment. University of Pennsylvania. Author: "Prin- 

 ciples of Equity." and other books on law. 



ltjo< rnntlerna (byern'-thir-nA), Magnus* born in 

 1779; Swedish general and diplomatist, served m the 



> War; in 1809 was sent on a mission i. 

 and iti 1812 arranged for the sale of Guadeloupe. He 

 sh War, and assisted at the 

 <t about peace with the trni 



of Norway to Sweden. In 1826 he was appointed mm 

 inter in London. Me left several works on political and 

 r* Died. 1847. 



HJorn.Hon (bvern'fn). lljortist Jerne. bom 

 the national poet of Norway. In early life an I 

 drama of his. called " Valborg." was accepted by the 

 Royal Theater, but it* author with ece. In 



1856 the International Students' : : Upsala 



stimulated him again to an effort to produce a 



free from foreign m 1 ' '" began *'th 



'Svnn. \e s.U.akkey,. n story of peawu 

 was followed by "Arne" and many other pieces. In 

 1858. he became director of the theater at Bergen, and 



Dg out of this war, which resulted in the eleva- 

 of his master. William I., to the imperial Crown of 



produced quickly two dramas, "Mellem Slagene" and 

 'Halte Hulda." both treating of national subjects. 

 "Marie Stuart" and "Sigurd Slenbe" are both well- 

 known plays, and he has written, besides his dramas, 

 a series of folk plays, an epic, and much beautiful lyric 

 p<*try. He receives a government pension, but lives 

 abroad. 



Black, Frank Swett, ex-governor of New York; 

 born in Limington, Me.. March 8, 1853; graduated at 

 Dartmouth, 1875; was editor Johnstown. N. Y., "Jour- 

 nal"; later reporter Troy, N. Y.. "Whig"; clerk in 

 registry 'department. Troy post-office; admitted to bar, 

 1879; member of Congress, 1895-97; governor of New 

 York, 1897-99; since when he has been a practicing 

 lawyer. 



Black, William, born in 1841; English novelist; 

 spent some years in the study of art. but. regarding him- 

 self as a failure in the artistic profession, he turned to 

 literature. His first novel, "Love or Marriage." was 

 published in 1867. being followed in 1868 by^'ln Silk 

 Attire," and in 1871 by "A Daughter of Heth." which 

 was a pronounced success. "The Strange Adventures 

 of a Phaeton" and "A Princess of Thule" were pub- 

 lished soon after, and his reputation as one of the nest 

 novelists of the day was established. For four years 

 he acted as assistant-editor of the "Daily News, but 



has long abandoned journalism. 



Blackburn. Joseph Clay Styles, lawyer, legislator; 

 born in Woodford Count v. Ky.. October 1. 1838: grad- 

 uate of Centre College, Danville, Ky., 1857; admitted 

 to bar, 1859; practiced in Chicago until Civil War 

 broke out; served in Confederate States Army; after 

 war. practiced law in Kentucky: member Kentucky 

 legislature, 1871-75; member of Congress, 1875-85; 



! United States senator, 1885-97; again elected January. 



! 1901. for term 1901-07; member of the Isthmian Canal 

 Commission, 1907; a leader in the free-coinage move- 

 ment. 



Blackmore, Richard Dodd ridge, born in 1825, one 

 of the first of modern novelists; in 1852, was called to 

 the bar. and practiced for a short time. In 1860. he 

 published for the first time, the work being a poem 

 entitled "The Fate of Franklin." This was followed 

 by translations of the first two of the 'T.eorgics." and 

 in 1864 by his first novel, "Clara Yaughan." 



Blackstone (blark'-*t,,n). Sir William. A celebrated 

 Jurist, born in London in 17L'.{. He was a judge, a mena- 



: ber of parliament, and author of "Commentaries on the 



I Laws of Knuland." At the bar. after seven years' prac- 

 tice, his prospects were so indifferent, that he retired to 

 Oxford on his fellowship, and there gave public lectures 



I on English law. Their success is supposed to have sug- 

 gested to Mr. Viner the propriety of establishing a pro- 

 iship of law in the university, to which office Black- 

 was elected, being the first Vinerian lecturer, in 

 17.'- v Subsequently, having married, he vacated his 

 fellowship, and was appointed principal of New-Inn Hall. 



: That office, with his Vinerian professorship, he resigned 

 in 17U<>. In 1770. he became one of the judges of the 

 Common Pleas. Died. 1780. 



III. i. Kuril. l.li/;ilcth. M. D.: born in Bris; 

 |and, February H, I.SIM ; emigrated to the United States 

 in 1832; educated in private schools in Bristol and New 

 York; tau/ln school MI Kentucky and the Carolina*; 



i sought admission t several medical colleges, but was 

 refused until she entered the medical school at < ienrva. 

 V Y.. 1847; later studied in I .a Mai- 

 Iheti. Pans, and St. Bartholo mew's. LoodoO. Estab- 

 lished practice in Ne\\ l ; fouinl.il a hospital 

 and. in 1M17, in conjunction with her sister. Dr. I 

 BlaekweU, organized Woman's Medical College of New 

 York Infirmary; lectured in 1 upland. 1858-59; reffis- 

 t as a physician m England. -1859. and since I860 

 has practiced m London and Huntings. Author: 

 jN." " Religion of Health." 



Misel to Parents on Moral Education," 'Pioneer 

 \\ork m <>|HMiing the Medical Profession to Won 



I he Human l.lement m Sex," "Decay of Municipal 

 Representative Institutions." 

 m.ilne, 



ho Plume,! Knight," 

 born in Penns\ ! . 



he . erUser"; served 



r,,,*:, .- !,.., IMS |Q 



where 



four terms m (he |egilturr: 



1876. and speaker for three years; prominent candidate 

 for the Republican nomination for the |>mud. 



is:,,. ISM., tad 1803; d i n ; Statai Ma0f n. 



it rmignnl >>< orrrtarvuhip of state 



under < 



just before the Republican Convention of 1892. 



in. in. id. i ..UK />/ftfi0). a Frrnch historian 



. started as a 

 journalist ; founded the 'K<\u< .In Progres. and pub- 



