410 



THE STANDARD DICTIONARY or FACTS 



of his great source of power. He was sent in l.'uil a 

 prisoner to Spain by Pope Julius II., but escaped, and 

 joined the King of Navarre's army against Castile. In 

 this campaign he was killed in 1507. 



Borgia Lucrezia, born in 1480, sister of the pre- 

 ceding, and like him the possessor of an infamous repu- 

 tation. Her father compelled her twice t<> marriage and 

 divorce before she became the wife of the Duke of 

 Bisceglia. After her third husband had been murdered 

 by Caesare Borgia, she married Alfonso of F.ste. and 

 passed her life in the court of Ferrara, cultivating litera- 

 ture and art. Died. !.">:_':>. 



Borgiano (bor-je-A'-no), Horazio, an artist of emi- 

 nence, a painter of historical subjects, of portraits, and 

 also an engraver, was born in Rome in Hi.'ii). His style 

 was considered masterly, and his "Dead Christ." a com- 

 position wholly his own, was ' especially admired. He 

 died in 1681. 



Ho ml 11 m. John Gutzon do la Mothe (Cut /on 

 Borglum"), sculptor, painter, born in Idaho, March :.'.'>, 

 1867; educated at public schools, Fremont and Omaha, 

 Neb., and St. Mary's College, Kansas; studied art in 

 San Francisco; went to Paris. 1890. worked and studied 

 in Acade"mie Julian and Ecole des Beaux. Arts. Exhib- 

 ited as painter and sculptor in Paris Salon; in Spain, 

 1892; in California, 1893-94; returned East, and in 1896 

 went to London, remaining until I'.tOl; settled in New 

 York since 1902. Exhibited in London and Paris, 1896- 

 1901; held successful "one-man" exhibition in London; 

 received gold medal sculpture at Louisiana Purchase 

 -itipn; sculptor for work on Cathedral of St. John 

 the Divine, New York. \Vork includes, in painting, 

 figures and animals, portraits and mural painting; in 

 sculpture figures and horses and groups in bronze; 

 executed the gargoyles on the Princeton Dormitory, 

 class of 1879 (about sixty devices). 



Borromeo, St. Carlo (bdr-rd-md'-o), cardinal and 

 archbishop of Milan, a prominent member of the Council 

 of Trent, contributed to the Tridentine Catechism, and 

 was conspicuous by his self-sacrificing offices during a 

 plague in the city of which he was the archbishop. 

 Born in 1538, died in 1584. 



Hornet (bo-swa'), Jacques Benigne, born in Dijon, 

 September 27, 1627; a distinguished orator and prelate 

 of the Roman Catholic Church, bishop successively of 

 Cordan and of Meaux, and tutor to the Dauphin, the son 

 of Louis XIV. Bossuet was the author of several con- 

 troversial works, all in defense of the Roman Catholic 

 doctrine; but his fame rests chiefly on his "Sermons," 

 which, of their kind, are of unrivaled eloquence, though 

 they are too dramatic for the majority of English readers. 

 Several of his compositions, written in the first instance 

 for the use of the Dauphin, and especially his "Discourse 

 on Universal History," printed in 1681, long retained a 

 high reputation. 



Boswell, James, the biographer of Johnson, born in 

 Edinburgh, showed early a penchant for writing and an 

 admiration for literary men. He fell in with Johnson on 

 a visit to London in 1763, and conceived for him the 

 most devoted regard; made a tour with him to the 

 Hebrides in 1773, the "Journal" of which he afterwards 

 published; settled in London, and was called to the 

 English bar; succeeded, in 1782, to his father's estate, 

 Auchinleck, in Ayrshire, with an income of 1,600 a 

 year. Johnson dying in 1784, Boswell's "Life" of him 

 appeared five years after, a work unique in biography, 

 and such as no man could have written who was not a 

 hero-worshiper to the backbone. He succumbed in the 

 end to intemperate habits, aggravated by the death of 

 his wife. Born in 1740, died in 1795. 



Bothwell (both'-wel), James Hepburn, Earl. The 

 head of a powerful family in East Lothian. He became 

 the second husband of Mary, Queen of Scots, having 

 compassed the death, as was generally believed, of 

 Darnley, her first husband. By Mary he was created 

 Duke of Orkney, but a confederacy of nobles having 

 compelled him to leave Scotland, he engaged in piratical 

 enterprises, was taken by the Danes, and died in con- 

 finement in 1577. 



Botta, Carlo Giuseppe Guglielmo, born in 1766, 

 Italian historian, studied medicine, and was imprisoned 

 in 1792 as a revolutionary. He took an active part in 

 the government of Piedmont, set up by Napoleon, but 

 before the emperor's overthrow he devoted himself 

 entirely to literature. He wrote "The History of Italy 

 between 1789 and 1814," and a "History of the Ameri- 

 can War of Independence." Died, 1837. 



Botticelli (bot-te-chel'-U), Alessandro, born in 1447. 

 Italian painter, in response to the invitation of Pope 

 Sixtus IV. went to Rome and executed some fine paint- 

 ings for the chapel of the Vatican. On returning to 

 Florence he became a devoted follower of Savonarola. 

 Died, 1515. 



ISoughton, George Honry, born in 1833, artist, a 

 member of the National Academy of New York, and an 

 associate of the Royal Academy since 1879. Among 

 his paintings are "The Return of the Mayflower," 

 " l-A-angeline." and "Milton visited by Andrew Marvell." 



Bouguereau (bi>a-ro') Adolphe Guillaume, born in 

 I rench painter. In 1855 his "Triomphe du 

 Martyre" wa.s bought by the state, and previously he 

 divided the honors of the Grand I'rix du Kome with 

 Baudry. Two of his later pictures which are well-known 

 are "The Youth of Bacchus" and the "Adoration of the 

 Magi and the Shepherds." 



Boulanjrer (bp-lon-tM?), George Ernest .lean Marie. 

 born in ls:!7. French general and politician, was made 

 colonel during the siege of Paris, general of brigade in 

 1880, and minister of war in 1886. He achieved great 

 popularity, and was elected in 1889 by the Nord, Somme. 

 Charente Infcrieure, and a division of Paris. A threat 

 of prosecution drove him into exile, and he committed 

 suicide at Brussels. Died, 1891. 



Bowles, Samuel, a distinguished American journalist; 

 was born at Springfield, Mass., U. S., February 9, 1826, 

 and since 1844 has been sole editor of the "Springfield 

 Republican." founded by his father. Under his man- 

 agement the paper has become one of the foremost 

 journals in the country, and is noted for its extensive 

 news, its literary taste, and its intelligent views of public 

 affairs. In recent years it has labored to free the press 

 from the bias of political party. Bowles is author of 

 "Across the Continent" ".Our New West," and ".The 

 Switzerland of America." 



Braddock, Edward, born in 1695, British general; 

 served in the Peninsula and Germany, and in 1754 was 

 appointed to the command of the forces in Virginia. In 

 1755 he led an expedition against Fort Du Quesne, where' 

 his troops fell into an ambush and were routed, and him- 

 self killed. Died, 1755. 



Brad don, Maxy Elizabeth, born in 1837, popular 

 novelist, after contributing to the provincial press, suc- 

 ceeded in getting a comedy, " Loves of Arcadia," accepted 

 at the Strand Theater. In 1861 she produced a volume 

 of poems, "Garibaldi," and then turning to fiction, pub- 

 lished rapidly "Lady Lisle," Lady Audley's Secret," 

 "Aurora Floyd," and "Henry Dunbar." These books 

 established her as one of the most popular novelists of 

 the day, and later works, which she has published in 

 large number, have not diminished her reputation. 



Bradlaugh, Charles, born in 1833, politician, after 

 working in several humble capacities, enlisted in the 

 army. In 1853 he entered a solicitor's office; and then 

 he achieved a great influence with working men as a 

 Radical, and an antagonist of the Christian religion. 1 1 is 

 lectures in the Hall of Science, London, on social, political, 

 and religious questions, were very popular; and in 1860 

 he started the "National Reformer," against which a 

 futile government prosecution was instituted. In 1870, 

 he secured a judicial decision in favor of affirmation in 

 courts of law, but the expenses of the trial made him 

 bankrupt. In 1872, he published his "Impeachment of 

 the House of Brunswick," and the question of perpetual 

 pensions always formed one of his favorite subjects. In 

 1880, he was returned for Northampton to Parliament, 

 but refusing to take the oath, he was net allowed to take 

 his seat until after the general election of 1885, although 

 he was repeatedly returned by the constituency. After- 

 wards he earned a high reputation in the House of Com- 

 mons, and though a thorough Radical, opposed the 

 advocates of socalism. In 1889, he visited India, his 

 interest in Indian affairs having always been pronounced. 

 Died, 1891. 



Brady, Cyrus Townsend. Protestant Episcopal 

 clergyman, author; born in Allegheny, Pa., December 

 20, 1861; graduate of United States Naval Academy. 

 1883. Railroad service with the Missouri Pacific and 

 Union Pacific roads for several years; studied theology 

 under Bishop Worthington, Nebraska; ordained deacon, 

 1889; priest, 1890. Was rector of Protestant Episcopal 

 churches in Missouri and Colorado and archdeacon of 

 Kansas until 1895, and archdeacon of Pennsylvania till 

 1899; rector of St. Paul's Church, Oyerbrook, Phila- 

 delphia, 1899-1902, resigning to engage in literary work; 

 chaplain of 1st Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry in 

 Spanish-American War. Member of American Academy 

 of Political and Social Science. Author: "For Love of 

 Country," "For the Freedom of the Sea," "The Grip of 

 Honor, "Stephen Decatur," "Recollections of a Mis- 

 sionary in the Great West," "American Fights and 

 Fighters," "Commodore Paul Jones," "Reuben James," 

 "When Blades are Out and Love's Afield," "Under 

 Tops'ls and Tents," "Colonial Fights and Fighters," 

 "Hohenzollern," "Woven With the Ship," "In the 

 Wasp's Nest," "Border Fights and Fighters," "The 

 Southerners," "The Bishop," "Sir Henry Morgan, Buc- 



