414 



THE STANDARD DICTIONARY OF FACTS 



on the farm. His first volume of poems was published 

 in 1786, and attracted much attention, Hums being 

 invited to Edinburgh and made much of by literary so- 

 ciety. At this time he was on the point of emigrating to 

 Jamaica. In 1788 he married .lean Armour, and in 1789 

 became an excise officer, as well as a fanner ii Dumfries- 

 shire. In 1791, farming not being profitable, he re- 

 moved to Dumfries, where he continued his post in the 

 excise, and wrote poems for the Edinburgh publishers. 

 The irregularities which had marked his earlier life re- 

 turned in his later days, and accelerated his death in 1796. 



Burnside. Ambrose Kverett, born in IM'-I; general 

 in the United States Army, early distinguished himself 

 in border warfare, and in the Civil War was present at 

 the battles of Hull Hun, South Mountain, and Antietam. 

 He was defeated by the Confederates at Petersburg, but 

 held command of the ninth army corps, under Grant, 

 until Lee's surrender. Died. 1881. 



Burr, Aaron, born in 1756; a vice-president of the 

 United B Jiguished himself in the War of Inde- 



pendence. In 1M>7 he was arrested OB a charge of con- 

 spiracy. It was supposed that he aimed to separate 

 from the Union and annex them to 



Mexico, but he was acquitted. Going to Europe, he 

 was ordered to leave England for endeavoring to pro- 

 mote a filibustering expedition against Mexico. He re- 

 turned to America in 1812, and spent the rest of his life 

 in retirement. Died, 1836. 



Burroughs, John, essayist; born in Roxbury, N. Y., 

 Aprils, 1837; academic education; taught school about 

 eiirlu years; treasury clerk, 1864-73; national bank ex- 

 aminer, 1873-84; since 1874 has lived on a farm, devot- 

 ing his time to literature and fruit culture. Author: 

 "Wake-Robin," "Signs and Season," "Pepacton," 

 "Kiverby," " Hirds and Poets," "Winter Sunshine," 

 "Locusts and Wild Honey," "Fresh Fields," "Indoor 

 Studies," "Whitman, a Study," "The Light of Day," 

 "Squirrels and Other Fur Hearers," ".Literary Values," 

 "Far and Near," etc. 



Burrows, Julius C. United States senator, lawyer; 

 born in Northeast, Erie County, Pa., January 9, 1837; 

 academic education; entered law practice; officer in 

 the Union Army, 1862-64; prosecuting attorney, Kala- 

 mazoq County, 1865-67; was appointed, 1867, super- 

 visor internal revenue for Michigan and Wisconsin, de- 

 clined; tendered office of solicitor of the treasury and 

 declined; member Congress, 1873-75, 1879-83, 1885-95; 

 twice elected speaker pro tern; United States senator, 

 1895-99, unexpired term of Francis H. Stockbridge, de- 

 ceased; re-elected for term 1899-1905, and re-elected for 

 term 1905-1911, by unanimous vote of the legislature. 



Burton, Theodore E., congressman, lawyer; born 

 in Jefferson, O., December 20, 1851; son of Rev. William 

 and Elizabeth (Grant) Burton; graduate of Oberlin Col- 

 lege, 1872; admitted to bar, 1875; since then in practice at 

 Cleveland; member Congress, 1889-91, and 1895-1907, 

 twenty-first Ohio district, Republican. President Grant 

 Family Association of the United States. Author: "Fi- 

 nancial Crises and Periods of Industrial and Commercial 

 Depression." 



But'ler, Benjamin Franklin, an American politician 

 born in New Hampshire, 1818, studied law and settled 

 in Massachusetts, where he became recognized as the 

 leading Democrat of New England. A delegate to the 

 Charleston and Baltimore nominating conventions, he 

 took a leading part in the movement which nominated 

 Breckenridge and divided the party. He promptly 

 entered the service at the outbreak of the Civil War, and 

 had command of the departments of the Gulf and of the 

 South Atlantic, acquiring no military fame but great 

 notoriety for his arbitrary civil regulations. Elected to 

 Congress by the Massachusetts Republicans in 1866 and 

 1868, but defeated in 1874, he deserted that party, and 

 in 1882 was elected governor by the Democrats; renomi- 

 nated in 1883, he was defeated. Died, 1893. 



Butler, Samuel, born in 1612; English satirist; in 

 his seventeenth year became attached to the household 

 of the Earl of Kent, when he frequently attended 

 meetings at the house of a Sir Samuel Luke, a strict 

 Puritan and Parliamentarian. The experiences of this 

 time furnished him with the material for his famous work, 

 "Hudibras," the first part of which appeared in 1663, 

 and achieved the widest popularity. Two other parts 

 of the work appeared at intervals, but of Butler's life 

 during that time little is known. Died, 1680. 



By'ron, George Gordon, sixth lord; an English 

 poet; was born in London, 1788; son of Captain Byron 

 of the Guards and Catherine Gordon of Gight, Aberdeen- 

 shire. He spent his boyhood at Aberdeen, under his 

 mother, and was educated at Harrow and Cambridge, 

 spending, when at the latter, his vacations in London, 

 where his mother had taken a house. He wrote ' ' Hours 



of Idleness," a poor first attempt, which called forth a 

 iitieism in the "Edinburgh Ueview." and which 

 he satirized in "English Hauls and Scotch Reviewers," 

 and so. ni afterwards left Kngland and spent two years 

 in foreign travel j wrote first part of "Childe Harold," 

 "awoke on? morning and found himself famous"; pro- 

 duced the "(iiaour," "Bride of Abvdos," "llel-iew 

 Melodies," anil other works. In'his school days he had 

 fallen in love with Mary Chaworth, but she had not re- 

 turned his affection, and in 1X1,~> lie married Miss Mill- 

 bank, an heiress, who in a year left him never to return, 

 when a storm raised against him on account of his private 

 life, drove him from England, and he never came back. 

 On the Continent, moved from place to place, he finished 

 "Childe Harold," completed several short poems, and 

 wrote "Don Juan"; threw himself into revolutionary 

 movements in Italy and Greece, risked his all in the 

 emancipation of the latter, and embarking in it, died at 

 Missolonghi, in 1824, in a fit, at the age of :;<. His poems, 

 from the character of the passion that breathed in them, 

 made a great impression on his age. 



Cable, (ieorge Washington, author; born in New 

 Orleans, October 12, 1844; educated in public schools. 

 Served Fourth Mississippi Cavalry, Confederate States 

 Army, 1863-65; clerk in cotton factor's office; for a 

 time reporter on New "Orleans Picayune," 1865-79; 

 wrote stories for "Scribner's Monthly"; since 1879 de- 

 voted to literature. Author: "Old Creole Days." 

 "The Grandissimes," "Madame Delphine," "The Creoles 

 of Louisiana," "Dr. Sevier," "The Silent South," " Bo- 

 naventure," "The Negro Question," "Strange True 

 Stories of Louisiana," "John March Southerner," 

 "Strong Hearts," "The Cavalier," "Bylow Hill." 

 Founded, 1887, the Home-Culture Clubs a system of 

 small clubs designed to promote more cordial relations 

 between divergent ranks of society. 



Cabot (ka'-bot), John, born in 1420; originally a 

 Venetian pilot, settled in Bristol about 1472; obtained 

 letters patent from Henry VII. to discover unknown 

 lands, sailed with his sons in 14U7, and sighted the coast 

 of Newfoundland or Labrador, and Florida. Died, circa 

 1498. 



Caesar, Caius Julius, the greatest of Roman gen- 

 erals. Elected consul 60 B. C.; formed a secret allance 

 with Pompey and Crassus known as the first trum- 

 virate. Beginning the Gallic War in 58 B. C., he sub- 

 dued in the course of one campaign both the Helvetii 

 and the Germans under Ariovistus. Pompey having 

 become his enemy through jealousy, Ccesar crossed the 

 Rubicon 49 B. C., and in a short time became master of 

 Italy; having conquered all his enemies, and subdued 

 Spain and Africa, he was made dictator for life, and re- 

 ceived from the senate the title of Imperator. Although 

 beloved by the masses, the patricians feared and hated 

 him, and the result of a conspiracy of Cassius, Brutus 

 and others was his assassination. 100-44 B. C. 



Caine, Hall, was born of Manx parentage in 1853, 

 and commenced his career as an architect in Liverpool; 

 then joined the staff of the "Liverpool Mercury," and 

 wrote in the "Academy" and the " Athena-urn." lie- 

 sided with Dante Rossetti in London till the poet's death 

 in 1882. Published "Sonnets of Three Centuries," 

 "Recollections of Rossetti," "The Shadow of a Crime," 

 "A Son of Hagar," "The Deemster," "The Bondman," 

 "The Scapegoat," "The Manxman," "The Christian," 

 "The Eternal City," and "The Prodigal Son," which 

 was published in nine different languages on the same 

 day. Many of his later novels have been dramatized 

 successfully. He was elected to the Manx House of 

 Keys in 1901, and to the British Parliament. 



Caird, The Rev. John, born in 1820; principal of 

 ( llasgow University; an eloquent preacher of the Scotch 

 Established Church; has published sermons and "An 

 Introduction to the Philosophy of Religion" (1880), 

 which shows the influence of Hegel* 



Cairnes, John Elliott, born in 1824; professor of 

 political economy at Queen's College, Galway, and after- 

 wards at University College, London; wrote "The Logi- 

 cal Method of Political Economy," and other treatises 

 marked by severe precision of argument. Died, 1875. 



Calderon de la Barca, Don Pedro, born in 1600; 

 Spanish dramatist, educated at the Jesuit College at 

 Madrid, and the University of Salamanca. His mind 

 early assumed a religious cast, first shown in the drama 

 "La Devocion de la Cruz," written at the age of 18. 

 While serving against the Milanese in the Low Countries 

 he wrote the "Siege of Breda," and on the death of Lope 

 de Vega, in 1635, became the leading poet in Spain. In 

 1651 he took holy orders, and thenceforward wrote little 

 else than sacred dramas, or "autos." Died, 1681. 



Calhoun, John Caldwell, born in 1782; American 

 lawyer and statesman, effected great reforms as secretary 

 of war, in 1817 and in 1825 became Vice-President of the 



