416 



THE STANDARD DICTIONARY OF FACTS 



practice, New York. Vice-president of Anti-Imperialist 

 League (Boston). 



Carlyle, Thomas (kHrTil), an eminent English 

 philosopher and historian, born in 1795, and whoM 

 writings have done much to impregnate English philos- 

 ophy with the characteristic tendencies of the German 

 school. His principal works are: "Sartor Kesartus," 

 "History of the French Revolution," "Hero Worship, 

 and Other Essays," "Latter Day Pamphlets," "Life of 

 Frederick the Great." Died, February 5, 1881. 



Carnegie, Andrew, capitalist, manufacturer, philan- 

 thropist; born in Dunfermline, Fifeshire, Scotland. 

 November 25, 1837; came with family to United States. 

 1848, settling in Pittsburg; first work was as weaver's 

 assistant in cotton factory, Allegheny, Pa.; became 

 telegraph messenger boy in Pittsburg office of Ohio 

 Telegraph Company, 1851; learned telegraphy, entered 

 employ of Pennsylvania Railroad, and became telegraph 

 operator, advancing by promotions until he became 

 superintendent of Pittsburg division of Pennsylvania 

 system; joined Mr. Woodruff, inventor of the sleeping 

 car, in organizing Woodruff Sleeping Car Company, 

 gaining through it nucleus of his fortune; careful 

 investments in oil lands increased his means; during 

 Civil War served as superintendent of military railways 

 and government telegraph lines in the East. After the 

 war he developed ironworks of various kinds and estab- 

 lished, at Pittsburg, Keystone Bridge Works and Union 

 Iron Works. Introduced into this country Bessemer 

 process of making steel, 1868; was principal owner a 

 few years later of Homestead and Edgar Thomson Steel 

 Works, and other large plants as head of firms of Car- 

 negie, Phipps & Company and Carnegie Bros. & Company 

 interests were consolidated, 1899, in the Carnegie Steel 

 Company, which, in 1901, was merged in the United 

 States Steel Corporation, when he retired from business ; 

 married, 1887, Louise Whitfield, of New York. Has 

 given libraries to many towns and cities in the United 

 States and Great Britain, and large sums in other bene- 

 factions, including SIO.000,000 to Carnegie Institute, 

 Pittsburg, $5,200,000 to New York for the establish- 

 ment of branch libraries; $10,000,000 to Carnegie Insti- 

 tution, Washington; $10,000,000 to Scotch universities; 

 $5,000,000 to fund for benefit of employes of Carnegie 

 Steel Company; $1*000,000 to St. Louis Public Library, 

 etc., total benefactions exceeding $75,000,000, including 

 over $40,000,000 for nearly 1,500 municipal library 

 buildings, and $10,000,000 for college professors' pension 

 fund in United States, Canada, and Newfoundland. 

 Author: "An American Four-in-Hand in Britain," 

 "Round the World," "Triumphant Democracy," "The 

 Gospel of Wealth," "Empire of Business." Lord rector 

 of St. Andrew's University, 1903; LL. D., 1905. 



Carnot (kar-no), Leonard Sadi, son of Nicolas, 

 founder of thermo-dynamics; in his "Reflexions sur la 

 Puissance du Feu " enunciates the principle of Reversi- 

 bility, considered the most important contribution to 

 physical science since the time of Newton (1796-1832). 



Carpenter, Frank George, journalist; born in 

 Mansfield.jp.. May 8, 1855; graduate of Wooster Uni- 

 versity, 1877. Began newspaper work as legislative 

 correspondent for "Cleveland Leader," at Columbus, 

 1879; spent 1881 in European and Egyptian travel; 

 Washington correspondent "Cleveland Leader," 1882; 

 correspondent American Press Association, 1884; also, 

 1887, correspondent for "New York World"; trip 

 round the world for newspaper syndicate and "Cosmo- 

 politan" magazine, 1888-89; newspaper tour to Mexico, 

 1891; to Russia, Germany, and England, 1892; to 

 China, Japan, and Corea, 1894; spent 1898 in South 

 America, 25,000 miles of travel; spent 1900 in Philip- 

 pines, China, Java, Australia, and New Zealand; made 

 newspaper tour, 1902, to investigate American "com- 

 mercial invasion " in England, France, Germany, Russia, 

 Holland, Belgium, Norway, Sweden, Denmark. Author: 

 "Carpenter's Geographical Readers Asia, North 

 America, South America, Europe, Australia, Our Col- 

 onies and Other Islands of the Seas, Africa"; "Through 

 Asia with the Children," "Through North America with 

 the Children," "South America Social, Industrial, 

 and Political." Has written very many articles in lead- 

 ing American journals and magazines. 



Carpenter, William Benjamin, born in 1813; 

 physiologist, son of Dr. Lant Carpenter, wrote "Prin- 

 ciples of General and Comparative Physiology," etc., 

 and in 1861, received the medal of the Royal Society. 

 Died, 1885. 



Carrere, John Merven, architect; born of American 

 parents in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, November 9, 1858; 

 educated in Switzerland; graduate of Ecole des Beaux 

 Arts, Paris, 1882; partner with Thomas Hastings in firm, 

 Carrere & Hastings, since 1884. The firm were archi- 

 tects of the Ponce de Leon and Alcazar hotels, St. Augus- 



tine, Fla., the New York Public Library, Academy of 

 m, and many other noted buildings. Fellow Amer- 

 ican Institution of Architects. 



Carroll, Lewis, the pseudonym of the Rev. Charles 

 Lutwidge Dodgson ; born circa in 1833; humorist and 

 author of "Alice in Wonderland," "Through the Look- 

 ing-glass," "The Hunting of the Snark," "Rhyme and 

 Reason," "A Tangled Tale," "Sylvie and Bruno," and 

 other works. 



Carson, Christopher, popularly known as Kit Car- 

 son, an American frontiersman, born in Kentucky in 

 1809. He was successively a saddler's apprentice, trap- 

 per, hunter, guide in Fremont's explorations, lieutenant 

 in the rifle corps of the army (1847), and Indian agent. 

 During the Civil War he rendered important services in 

 the territories, and was brevetted brigadier general. 

 Died in Colorado, 1868. 



Carterct. Philip, an English navigator, who made 

 an expedition to the South Seas in 1766-69, and dis- 

 covered Queen Charlotte's Isles, and other islands, two 

 of which he called Gower and Carteret. 



Cartier, Sir George Etiennc (kdr-te'ai), a Canadian 

 statesman, born in 1814. He was deeply involved in the 

 rebellion of 1837. In 1848, he was elected to the house 

 of assembly, in 1856 was appointed provincial secretary, 

 and soon became attorney-general. In 1857, he be- 

 came leader of the Lower Canada section of the govern- 

 ment, and in 1858, premier ; and he held a cabinet 

 office for several years afterward. He was prominent 

 in numerous governmental reforms. Died, 1873. 



Cartier, Jacques (k&r-te'ai), a French explorer, was 

 born 1494. Employed by Francis I. to make explora- 

 tions on the North American coast, in three successive 

 expeditions, 1534-50; he completed the discovery and 

 colonization of Canada. 



Cartwright, Edmund, inventor of the power loom 

 and the carding machine; born in Nottinghamshire; 

 was bred for the Church. His invention, at first violently 

 opposed, to his ruin for the time being, is now universally 

 adopted; a grant of 10,000 was made him by parlia- 

 ment in consideration of his services and in compensa- 

 tion for his losses. He had a turn for versifying as well 

 as mechanical invention. Cartwright was born in 1743, 

 and died in 1823. 



Caruso, Signor, who is generally acknowledged to be 

 the finest tenor of the present day, began life as an en- 

 gineer, with no thought of singing until a friend assured 

 him that there was a fortune in his voice. So he studied 

 for a while, and made a first appearance in opera, some 

 few years ago, in his native city, Naples. His success 

 was immediate, and he now sings at all the greatest opera 

 houses in the world, commanding fees of thousands of 

 dollars per night. Caruso, who is immensely popular in 

 society, is a most genial man. His greatest hobby is 

 drawing, and he might have made a good deal of money 

 as a caricaturist, judging by the remarkably clever pic-> 

 tures of himself and his friends which he is always ex- 

 ecuting. 



Casablanca, Louis, a French naval officer, born in 

 Bastia about 1755, and in 1798, was captain of the flag- 

 ship "L'Orient" in the expedition to Egypt, He was 

 mortally wounded at the battle of the Nile, August 1, 

 1798; the ship caught fire, his 10-year-old son would not 

 leave him, and both were floating on the wreck of the 

 ship's mast when the final explosion took place. 



('ass, Lewis, born in 1782; American statesman and 

 general, appointed governor of Michigan in 1813. He 

 showed great prudence in his management of Indian affairs 

 and in 1831, became secretary of war in the administra- 

 tion of President Jackson. Whilst representative of the 

 United States in France, he protested vigorously and 

 effectually against the terms of the quintuple treaty, 

 and returning to America was elected to the senate in 

 1845. In 1857, he became secretary of state, but about 

 five years later withdrew from public life. 



Castelar, Emilio, born in 1832; Spanish statesman 

 and writer; condemned to death owing to his attacks on 

 the government in 1868. He fled to France, but shortly 

 returned, and espoused the cause of the Federal Republic; 

 was appointed dictator on the resignation of Amadeus 

 (1873), but resigned a few months later. He was an 

 eloquent speaker, and wrote many works. Died, 1899. 



Castlercagh (kds'-sl-ra), Robert Stewart, Lord, 

 eldest son of the Marquis of Londonderry; was born in 

 1769. At an early period he entered into public life, 

 and was appointed keeper of the Signet, or privy seal, in 

 Ireland, in 1797; president of the board of control in 

 1802; and secretary of war in 1805. A difference hav- 

 ing arisen between him and his colleague, Mr. Canning, 

 a duel was the consequence, and both quitted office. 

 During Lord Liverpool's administration, Lord Castle- 

 reagh again became a member of the government as 

 foreign secretary, and concluded the treaty of Paris in 



