BIOGRAPHY 



417 



1814. He remained in office the remainder of his life, 

 which was closed by suicide in 1822. 



( a the rine of AraRon, Queen of England; born in 

 laughter of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella 

 of Castile; married first Arthur, Prince of Wales, and 

 subsequently his brother, afterwards Henry VIII. Siie 

 was beautiful and virtuous, yet the king in 1527 sought 

 a divnrre on the ground that the marriage was uncanoni- 

 ral. After much temporizing on the part of the pope, 

 the marriage was in 1533. pronounced invalid by Cran- 

 rchbishop of Canterbury, and his sentence was 

 ratified by act of parliament. Catherine spent the rest 

 of her life in Kimbolton castle. Died. 1563. 



Catherine de Medfcls, born in 1519; great grand- 

 daughter of Ixirenzo the Magnificent, niece of Pope 

 Clement VII., and queen to Henri II. of France, acted 



during the minority of her second son, Charles 

 r policy was to play off the parties of the Guises 



- against one another. She instigated the 

 massacre of St Bartholomew. Died, 1589. 



Catherine Parr, born in 1512; daughter of Sir T. 



: was married first to Edward Borough, secondly , 



r.l Ijitimer. and in 1543 became the sixth and last 



wife of Henry VIII. She was learned in theology and a 



zealous Protestant, and, according to Foxe, on one oc- 



nly escaped death as a heretic by timely sub- 

 mission to the king. She survived Henry, and in 1547 

 married Lord Seymour of Sudeley, who was accused of 



-.i? her death (in child-birth), by poisoning. Died, 



1 . i 1 V 



( athcrine I., Empress of Russia; born circa 1685: 

 was the outcast infant of a Livonian peasant-girl, and 



nurse in the family of the Protestant minister of 

 Manenburg. In 1701 she married a Swedish dragoon, 

 who soon afterwards went with his regiment to Riga, 



er returned. After the capture of Marienburg 

 by the Russians, Catherine became the mistress first of 

 General Bauer, with whom she lived at Moscow, sec- 



: I'rmce Menschikpff, and finally, of Peter the 

 Great, who married her privately near Warsaw in 1711, 

 and publicly the next year at St. Petersburg. She 



braced the Greek religion, and took the name of 

 Catherine. On the death of Peter, in 1725, she was 

 proclaimed Czarina. Her death was the result of in- 

 temperance. Died, 1727. 



< atherlne II., Empress of Russia; born in 1729; 

 the Princess Sophia Augusta, daughter of the Prince of 

 Arihalt-Zerbst, on her marriage in 1745, with Peter, 

 nephew and heir of the Empress Elizabeth, assumed the 

 name of Catherine Alexiovna. Her refinement and love 

 of study contrasted with her husband's vulgarity and 



ranee; neglected by him, she ingratiated herself 

 with some of the nobles; her intrigues were discovered 



r, and, on ascending the throne in 1762, he 

 threatened to repudiate her, whereupon she imprisoned 

 him and had him strangled. The subsequent murder 

 the next heir, left Catherine in undisputed pos- 

 session of the throne. As empress she seized the Crimea, 

 and took part in the dismemberment of Poland. She 

 promoted the welfare of Russia by encouraging litera- 

 ture and commerce, but her reign, was sullied by dis- 

 graceful amours. 



< at Mine (kai'-e-line). Lucius Sortclii*, an ancient 

 Roman, was descended from a patrician family, re- 

 nowned for talent but degraded by crime. He gained 

 the favor of Scylla, who advanced him to offices of great 



He was a reckless sensu.. 

 WDM fr his paramour a member of a distinguished family. 



d t he daughter he had by her. He was charged 

 with intriguing with a vestal, the sister of Cicero's wife. 



-'ylla's death, Catiline formed a conspiracy to 

 the consuls and senators, and to assume the gov- 

 ernment (its designs were discovered and exposed In 

 an oration by Cicero, which gave the speaker lasting 

 He attempted to execute his plan, but a great 

 battle ensuing, and victory inclining to the <>t 

 he threw himself into the midst of the enemy and was 



< axiiiir. < ainilln. Count (II (kah-voor f ), an 

 Italian statesman; horn m 1M<) In 1M7. he t..k an 



: art in the promulgation of the liberal ! 



then agitating his country, and largely assisted m the 



of the constitution granted by King Charles 



Albert .1. lss I., I860, b b IBM m.M-.e, oi 000 



raerce, and minister of finances the following year. In 



succeeded D'Aseglio as nmt m. 



his return set up a press in the Almonry, Westminster, 

 I where he brought out the first printed book seen in 

 ! England, the '^History of Troy." Died. 1491. 



Cencl, Beatrice (chtn'che). a noble Roman lady, 

 whose tragic fate has served as the theme of one of 

 Shelley's best tragedies, lived in the Sixteenth Century. 

 She became the victim of her father. Count Francesco 

 Cenci, a notorious libertine. Failing in her appeal for 

 protection from Pope Clement VIIL, she, it has been 

 said, conspired with other members of her family to 

 murder the count. When brought to trial on this 

 charge, she asserted her innocence, but was, neverthe- 

 less, put to death, along with her relatives, in 1599. 

 The fine portrait of Beatrice, by Guido Reni, in the 

 Barberini gallery, Rome, is well known. 



Cervantes deSaavedra, Miguel, de. Spanish author; 

 born at Alcala de Henares in 1547, belonged to an 

 ancient Galician family, and was educated at the Univer- 

 sity of Salamanca, where he spent his time chiefly in 

 writing verses. After following Cardinal Aquaviva as 

 chamberlain into Italy, he enlisted under Marc Antonio 

 Colonna, and distinguished himself at the battle of 

 Lepanto (1571), where he lost his left hand; in l.~>7">. 

 was captured by a corsair, and spent five years in slavery 

 at Algiers. In 1588, he settled at Seville, and for the 

 next ten years devoted his time mainly to writing 

 dramas. In 1605. the first part of "Don Quixote 

 appeared, and the second followed ten years later. 

 Among the other works of Cervantes are "Novelas 

 Exemplares," " Viage al Parnaso," and "Galatea." 

 Diet!, 1616. 



t'haffee, Adna Uomanza, lieutenant-general, United 

 States Army: born in Orwell, O., April 14, 1842; edu- 

 cated in public schools. Entered army, July 22, 1861; 

 first lieutenant, July 3, 1863, for gallantry at 

 burg; captain, March 31, 1865, for gallantry at Din- 

 widdie Court House, Va.; major. March 7, 1868, for 

 gallantry in engagement with Comanche Indians on 

 Paint Tree Creek, Tex.; lieutenant-colonel. February 

 27, 1890, for gallantry in action against Indians in 

 Texas and Arizona. Appointed brigadier-general, t'nited 

 States Volunteers, May 4. 1S98; commanded third 

 brigade, second division, fifth corps, Santiago campaign 

 June to August, 1898; commanded second division, 

 fifth corps, August to September, IS'.JN; promoted 

 major-general. United States Volunteers. July 8. 1898; 

 commanded first division, fourth corps. November to 

 December, 1898; chief of staff division of Cuba, Decem- 

 ber, 1898, to May. 1900. Honorably discharged as 

 major-general, April 13, 1899. Appointed brigadier- 

 general of United States Volunteers. April 13. 1900. 

 Assigned to the command of United States forces for 

 the relief of United States Legation, Peking. June 24, 

 1900; arrived at Peking, China, August 14, 1900; pro- 

 moted to major-general of United States Volunteer?.. 

 June 20, 1900; promoted to major-general of t'nited 

 States Army, February 5. 1901. Assigned to command 

 division of the Philippines and appointed military gov- 

 ernor, to take effect July 4, 1901; relieved September 

 30, 1902, and assigned to command department of the 

 East; detailed to general staff corps. October 2, 1903, 

 and assigned to duty as assistant to chief of staff. Wash- 

 ington; promoted to nontenant-general of 1'mted State* 

 January 9, 1904, and chief of staff until hi- 

 retirement in 1906. 



('halm. ... Thom*a, bora in 1780: Scottish divine. 

 educated at St. Andrews, where he taught mat hematic* 

 after his ordination. In 1M.'>. he became a minister at 

 Glasgow, and at once attracted attention by lu.t elo- 

 quence. He was subsequently professor of moral phi- 



iii> I of theology < 

 burn (1838). Onthedisruptionof theChui 



.- joined the I ree Church party, nnd became 

 moderator of its aiwembly and principal of it* eollsjn. 

 'iibrnre a wide range of .hiding 



< ii.iiiiiieri.im. m. lion, .i,.*, ph. British statesman, 



was born in LOMOO< July. lvi>; educated in 



:y College. I x.ndon . joined the firm 

 - fold, screw maker* of llmnmgham: was one 

 i ler* of the defeated unsprlanan candid 

 the School l.aid of Birmingham in 1S7O. but in isT.i he 



was elected chairman, and was also a member of tho 

 On the death of hi* 

 father I, 



his energies to public life To him x\a* due the transfer 

 of the gas and water work* to the borough nm 

 and he was the author of (lie improvement irheme 

 which has entirely transformed the f 

 mmgham. In 1^76. he entered pn- 



_ 



he acquired the new typographic an. and on and passed a patents bill ami a bankruptcy bill; presi- 



rty of the press, favored pi,, >t,on and 



free trade, and during his seven years' tenure of office 

 about the regeneration <>f Italy by the treaty 



a in 1HS7. 

 i iixton, \\ 



