418 



THE STANDARD DICTIONARY OF FACTS 



dent of Local Government Board in ISvSo, until his 

 divergence of views on the Irish policy of Mr. Glad- 

 stone caused his resignation (March 27, 1SXG); chief 

 commissioner to the Conference at Washington for the 

 settlement of the dispute between the I'nited States 

 and Canada on t! Question. Married Miss 



Endicott, November 1."), l^v In lv.i.">, took ollice 

 under Lord Salisbury as colonial secretary. The nego- 

 tiations with the Transvaal, which ended in war, occu- 

 pied him fully during IS',) 1 .), and his South African policy 

 was one of the main controversial features of t!.' 



of 1900 and during l'.H)l. He i 



I'.nil) of the measure for the constitution of the Austra- 

 lian Commonwealth. On February 14, 1U02, he was 

 1 with an address by the City of London Cor- 

 poration. He presided over" the 1902 Colonial Confer- 

 ence. In November, l'.H)2, he visited South Africa, and 

 on his return received an address from the Lord Mayor 

 and Corporation of London (March 20, liKW). In May. 

 1903, he launched, at Birmingham, his scheme for the 

 revision of the fiscal policy of the country and the 

 adoption of a policy of preferential tariffs; and in 

 September, believing that policy to be at that time 

 table to the majority in the constituencies, he 

 ;. in order to be free to devote himself to ex- 

 plaining and popularizing his proposals. He began his 

 campaign for this purpose at Glasgow on October 6, 

 I'.to.i. and the tariff commission was afterwards set up 

 on his initiative. He is president of the Central Liberal 

 I'nionist Council and of the Imperial tariff committee. 

 His TOtli birthday and completion of thirty years' serv- 

 ice as member of parliament for Birmingham were 

 celebrated on July 7, 1906. 



Chambers, Robert William, author, artist; born 

 in Brooklyn, May 26, 1865; educated at Julian's Acad- 

 emy. Paris, l.vsti-93. First exhibited in salon, 1889; 

 illustrations for " Life," "Truth," "Vogue," etc. Author: 

 "In the Quarter," "The King in Yellow," "The Red 

 Republic," "A King and a Few Dukes," "The Maker 

 of Moons," "With the Hand," "The Mystery of Choice," 

 " Lorraine," "Ashes of Empire," "The Haunts of Men," 

 "The Cambric Mask," "Outsiders," "The Conspirators," 

 "Cardigan," "The Maid-at-Arms," "Outdoor Land," 

 "The Maids of Paradise," "Orchard-Land," "Forest- 

 Land," "lole." Also "The Witch of Ellangowan," a 

 drama played at Daly's Theater and written for Miss 

 Ada Rehan; and many magazine stories. 



Chamisso, Adalbert von, born at the Castle of 

 Boncourt, in Champagne, France, A. D. 1781; a cele- 

 brated lyric poet of Germany, who, though born in 

 France, was driven from that country by the Revolu- 

 tion of 1790, and spent the greater part of his life in 

 Prussia. He is best known by his "Peter Schlemihl, 

 :v of a Man Who Lost His Shadow," which was 

 published in 1814, and has been translated into most 

 European languages. Died in Berlin, 1838. 



Champlain, Samuel de, a French naval officer of 

 the Seventeenth Century. During the reign of Henry 

 IV., of France, he visited many parts of America, and 

 formed the first French establishments at Quebec and 

 Montreal. He was made governor of Quebec, from 

 which he was driven by the English, in 1631. When 

 peace was restored, he was reinstated. He wrote an 

 account of his "Voyages and Travels in New France, 

 called Canada," in 1032; and died in 1635. 



Chandler, William I-'.aton, lawyer; born in Con- 

 cord, N. II., December 2s, 1S35; common school edu- 

 cation; graduate of Harvard Law School, and admitted 

 to the bar, 1855; became reporter of decisions of Su- 

 preme Court, New Hampshire, 1859; member of New 

 Hampshire Legislature, lS(i2, 1S>3, 1SG4, and 1881; 

 speaker, IMi.'i-Hl; appointed solicitor and judge-advo- 

 cate-genera!, navydepart mcnt. March <j, 1866; fii 

 ant secretary of treasury, June 17, 1865; resigned, 

 November 30, 1867; member of New Hampshire Con- 

 stitutional Convention, l,s?<; and l'.)02; appointed 

 solicitor-general of l.'nited StaU-s March 2:5, issl, but 

 rejected by senate; secretary of the navy, April 12, 

 to March 7, ixs/i; Tinted Slates senalor, 1887- 

 1'JOl; president of Spanish Treaty Claims commission 

 since March 9, 1901. 



Channing, Kdward, historian; born in Dorchester, 

 Mass., June 15, 1856; graduate of Harvard, 1878; 

 instructor, 1883; now professor of history at Harvard. 

 Author: "The United States, 176.V 1866,'' "A Student's 

 History of the United States." "Town and County Gov- 

 ernment in the English Colonies of North America," 



" Narragansett Planters, Die Planting of a Nation in 



the New World," etc. Collaborator with late Justin 

 Winsor on "The Narrative and Critical History of 

 America"; with Albert B. Hart in "Guide to Study of 

 American History"; and with Thomas W. Higginson 

 in "English History for Americans." 



Chamiing, William Kllery, an eminent American 

 divine, and one of the most elegant writers tins 

 country has produced, was born in Newport, II. 1., 

 17M). In 1X03. he became pastor of the Federal Street 

 Church, Boston. During the Unitarian controversy. 

 Dr. Clianning was the head of the Liberal party, and 

 took an active parU in its defense. Among his most 

 successful productions are his lectures on " Self-Culture," 

 and on the "Elevation of the Laboring Classes." His 

 work on slavery, published in 1841, had also a wide 

 circulation. Died, 1M_'. 



Charlemagne, i. e., Charles or Karl the Great. 

 the lir>t Qanovingian King of the Franks, son and 

 successor of Pepin le Bref (the Short); became sole 

 ruler on the death of his brother, Carloman, in 771; 

 he subjugated by his arms the southern Gauls, the 

 Lombards, the Saxons, ami the Avares, and conducted 

 a successful expedition against the Moors in Spain, with 

 the result that his kingdom extended from the Ebro to 

 the Elbe; having .passed over into Italy in support of 

 the pope, he was, on Christmas day, 800, crowned 

 Emperor of the West, after which he devoted himself 

 to the welfare of his subjects, and proved himself as 

 great in legislation as in arms; enacted laws for the 

 empire, called capitularies; reformed the judicial ad- 

 ministration, patroni/ed letters, and established schools; 

 kept himself in touch and au coumnt with everything 

 over his vast domain. He died and was buried at 

 Aix-la-Chapelle (742-814). 



Charles I., King of England, third son of James I., 

 was born in Dunfermline in 1600. Failing in his suit 

 for the infanta of Spain, he married Henrietta Maria, 

 a French princess, a devoted Catholic, who had great 

 influence over him, but not for good. He had for public 

 advisors, Strafford and Laud, who cherished in him 

 ideas of absolute power adverse to the liberty of the 

 subject. Acting on these ideas brought him into col- 

 lision with the parliament, and provoked a civil war; 

 himself being the first to throw down the gauntlet by 

 raising the royal standard at Nottingham, in the end of 

 which he surrendered himself to the Scots' army at 

 Newark, who delivered him to the parliament. He was 

 tried as a traitor to his country, condemned to death, 

 and beheaded at Whitehall, January 30, 1649.' 



Charles II., King of England, son of Charles I., 

 born in St. James Palace, London, in 1630; was at The 

 Hague, in Holland, when his father was beheaded. He 

 assumed the royal title, and was proclaimed king by 

 the Scots; landed in Scotland, and was crowned at 

 Scone. Marching into England, he was defeated by 

 Cromwell at Worcester, September 3, 1651, and fled to 

 France. By the policy of General Monk, after Crom- 

 well's death, he was restored to his crown and kingdom 

 in 1660, an event known as the Restoration. Charles 

 II. was an easy-going man, and is known in history as 

 the "Merry Monarch." His reign was an inglorious 

 one for England, though it is distinguished by the pass- 

 ing of the Habeas Corpus Act, one of the great bul- 

 warks of English liberty next to the Magna Charta. 

 Died, 1685. 



Charles V. (I. of Spain), Emperor of Germany, son 

 of Philip, Archduke of Austria, was born in Ghent in 

 1500, and became King of Spain in 1516, on the death 

 of his maternal grandfather, Ferdinand, and Emperor 

 of Germany in 1519, on the death of his paternal grand- 

 father, Maximilian I., being crowned at Aix-la-GhapeUe 

 in l.")20, and reigned during one of the most important 

 periods in the history of Europe. The events of the 

 reign are too'numerous to detail; enough to mention 

 his rivalry with Francis I. of France, his contention aa 

 a Catholic with the Protestants of Germany, the inroads 

 of the Turks, revolts in Spain, and expeditions against 

 the pirates of the Mediterranean. The ambition of hia 

 life was the suppression of the Protestant Reformation 

 and the succession of his son Philip to the imperial 

 crown, but he failed in both, and finally resigned in 

 favor of his son, and retired into the monastery at St. 

 ^ uste, in Kstremadura, near which he built a magnifi- 

 cent retreat, where, it is understood, notwithstanding 

 his apparent retirement, he continued to take interest 

 in political affairs, and to advise in the management of 

 them. Died, 1558. 



Charles XII., King of Sweden, son of Charles XL, 

 a warlike prince, ascended the throne at the age of 15. 

 He had to cope with Denmark, Russia, and Poland 

 combined against him; he foiled the Danes at Copen- 

 hagen, the Russians at Narva, and Augustus II. of 

 Poland at Riga; but being trapped in Kussia, and 

 cooped up to spend a winter there, he was, in the spring 

 of 1700, attacked by Peter the Great at Pultowa, and 

 defeated, so that he had to take refuge with the Turks 

 at Bender; here he was again attacked, captured, and 

 conveyed to Demotica, but escaping, he found his way 



