BIOGRAPHY 



419 



miraculously back to Sweden, and making peace with 

 the czar, commenced an attack on Norway, but was 

 killed by a musket-shot at the siege of Friederickshall. 



les XII. was "the last of the Swedish kings." 

 "His appearance among the luxurious kings and knights 

 of the North" at the time, Carlvle compares to "the 



; ing of a cataract of bomb-shells in a dull ballroom." 

 Born in 1697, and died in 171s. 



Charles >I artel, the illegitimate son of Pdpin 

 d'Henstal, Duke of Australia, was himself pmdaimed 

 duke in 715, and becoming mayor of the palace during 

 the reigns of Chilperic and Thierry IV., exercised the 

 whole regal power, defeating the Saracens at Poitiers, 



._'. in honor of which victory he was called Martel 



(the Hammer). On the death of Thierry in 736, Charles 



.ed on the government as Duke of the Francs. His 



son, Pdpin, was founder of the Oarlovincian line of 



monarchs, taking their name from Charles Martel. 



< nase, vilmon Portland, an American jurist and 

 statesman, was born in New Hampshire in 1818. He 

 was sent to the House of Representatives and to the 



-d States Senate from Ohio, and was elected gov- 

 ernor of that State. Appointed secretary of the treas- 

 ury by President Lincoln, at the outbreak of the Civil 



. he conducted the finances with rare skill and suc- 

 cess. Appointed chief justice of the Supreme Court in 

 1864. he held this office at his death in 1873. 



< h.ithain. \\illhnn Pitt. Karl of. born in 1708. 



sh statesman, son of Robert Pitt; became member 



iiament in 1735, attaching himself to the so-called 



tic party under the Prince of Wales; he attacked 



ole and Carteret successively, and after the retire- 



of the latter in 1744, supported the ministries of 



nn and Newcastle, and was made paymaster of the 



~. a post which he lost owing to his anti-Hanoverian 



speeches. As secretary of state in 1756, and again in 



under Newcastle, he carried on the war against 



'i great vigor and success, but on the accession 



orge III. had to give place to his favorite, the Earl 



Pitt's health was now shattered, but he was 



<i down to the house to speak against the peace of 



in 1762, and afterwards supported the repeal of 



-tamp Act, an act which led to the revolt of the 



; i< r an colonies. In 1766 he was created Earl of Chat- 



and from his place in the house of lords continued 



to urge a policy of conciliation towards America. It was 



while thus ermatred that he sank down in the fit of 



apoplexy from which he never recovered. Died, 1778. 



< 1 1. -nicer (tshaw'-ser), Geoffrey, an English poet, 

 commonly spoken of as the father of English poetry; 

 born about 132S, of parents who appear to have been 



;.s of London, and gave him a learned education. 

 - 1 youth he served under Edward III. in the invasion 

 incc, and was made prisoner by the enemy at the 

 end of 1359, or early in 1360. He afterwards enjoyed 

 court favor, and was employed on several embassies, 

 France and Italy in the course of his foreign 

 In the latter part of the reign of Richard II., 

 he appears to have been involved in the disgrace thrown 

 family of the Duke of Lancaster, his patron, and 

 suffered from poverty; hut on the accession of Henry 

 IV . lie was again taken into royal favor. The writings 

 .-Hirer, m verse and prose, are extensive: and (lie 

 erl.ury Tales" is one of the noblest monuments of 

 English poetry. Died ( > 



( IK-OPS, or Cheospes (taW-OfM, tHe-oJ-pee*). a king 



about the year B. C. 1178. He 



the great pyramid, and spent 1,060 talents in 



Vegetables alone for the workmen ennatred on it. He 



I eminent into a despotic tyranny which 



isly been a limited monarchy, and died, after 



UK fifty-six years, hated by his jjeople. 111.'.' H. <'. 



- 



tt-br'ne), an eminent Italian composer, was born 

 rence in 1760. He was naturalized in France, and 

 I m Paris, the scene of his greatest triumphs, where 

 he composed operas, of which the chief were ' Iphigenia 

 and "Lea deux Jooratfs*; 

 j* masterpiece; alsoa numl.< 

 and requiems, all of the Im-he-i merit. ! 



Id (lhe*-Ur-TcU I'hihp Ho. .n 

 hope. l-Iarl of. was horn in 1 ','. I 



bridge. He represented Lostwithiel m the House of 

 and in 17Ji succeeded I" the ,-ruldom. ]{> 

 was distinguished at the court of George II, and was 

 sent ambassador Mra..rdn. L: -. ! !!.;,: m 

 .vas made a kmuht <>f the carter m 17 



itmcnt of lord steward of the household. 



Miong the 01 :obrrt Wal- 



In 1745. he was ; -itenant of 



>nd, and afterwards became secretary of state. 



< now more known bv hn "Advice to Hn 8on," 



than by his public service*. I 



Choate, Joseph Hodges, lawyer, diplomat, ambas- 

 sador of United States to England, 1899-1903; born in 

 Salem. Mass., January 24, 1832; graduate of Harvard 

 and Harvard Law Scho. .limited to Massa- 



chusetts bar, 1855; New York, 1856; settled in New 

 York. 1S:>(>. Identified with many famous cases; one 

 of the committee of seventy which broke up the Tweed 

 ring. 1871; secured the reinstatement of General Fits 

 John Porter to his army rank, etc.; governor of New 

 York Hospital since 1877 (chairman of committee of 

 elections); noted as a public and after-dinner speaker. 

 Author: "Addresses on Abraham Lincoln. Admiral 

 Farragut, Rufus Choate," etc. Elected bencher of the 

 Inner Temple, England. April 10. 1905. 



Choate, Rufus (chut), an eminent American advo- 

 cate. was born in 1799. After graduating at Dart- 

 mouth College, he entered MIKHI the study of law at 

 Cambridge and in Washington. After practicing at 

 Danvers, Salem, and Boston, successively, he was 

 elected to the senate in 1841, which he quitted in 1845. 

 After the death of Daniel Webster. Choate became the 

 recognized leader of the Massachusetts bar, and ac- 

 quired quite a national reputation. As an advocate 

 and orator, he may be classed with the most distinguished 

 masters of modern eloquence. Died. 1858. 



Choiseul (hwoi'-zcul), Stephen Francis, Duke of, 

 was born in 1714. He gained a high rank in the army. 

 and was then employed as a diplomatist at Rome and 

 Vienna, and honored with a peerage. He became prime 

 minister of France, it was reported, through the influ- 

 ence of Madame de Pompadour. In 1770, he was dis- 

 missed from office, and exiled to one of his estates. 

 He died in 1785. 



Christina, Queen of Sweden, born in 1626; succeeded 

 her father, Gustavus Adolphus, in 1632. After her 

 coronation in 1650, she fell under the influence of favor- 

 ites, and ceased to interest herself in state affairs. She 

 resigned the crown to her cousin, Charles Gustavus. 

 in 1654, was baptised by the pope, and lived for some 

 time at Paris. On the death of Charles Gustavus. in 

 1660, she vainly endeavored to regain the throne. She 

 died at Rome in 1689. 



( hri-ix. Howard (handler, illustrator, writer; 

 born in Morgan County, Ohio, January 10, 1873; edu- 

 cated at Duncan's Falls, O.; went East in 1893; since 

 then on New York illustrated periodicals; v, 

 Cuba with second United States regulars and ".Hough 

 Riders"; saw the fighting before Santiago; his letters 

 and illustrations published in Bcribner's Magazine, Har- 

 per's Magazine. Collier's Weekly, and by K. 11. Russell. 

 publisher. Has charge of illustrating class at Cooper 

 Institute. 



Chrysostom, St. John, one of the Greek fathers. 

 born circa 344; gave himself, from an early age, to a 

 life of prayer and a-scetn-i.-m. ami. in 397, was made 

 Bishop of Constantinople by the Emperor A road i us. 

 He was renowned for his eloquence and almsgiving, and 

 his zeal as a reformer made him many enemies, amongst 

 them the Empress Eudoxia. He was summoned before 

 a synod at Chalredon. deposed, and banished, but an 

 insurrection of the people led to his immediate recall. 

 He was soon afterwards deposed again, and 

 to the Taurus Mountains, whence he was ordered to 

 proceed to Pityus, on the Euxine, but died on the 

 journey at Comnna in 1<>7. 



. M.II-.MS Tiilllust born in Arpinum in 106 

 udied rhetoric 



.tor and statesman, studied rhetoric 

 under Milo and others; comnu- 



of twenty-six, and offending Su!l:i by his successful 

 defense of lloncius Amermus. retired to A then v 



he Mu.lied under Antiocus; went as qtuntor t 

 in 76. and on his return impeached Verres, a former 

 r; was vdile in 69. pr.i t<r in ir. and. in 64. was 

 elected consul in opposition to Cat. lino. His vigor in 

 nutt inn down the conspiracy of ! 

 him the title of "father of In* count rv Th measure* 



he was recalled by the senate, and. in 52, went as gov- 



;.%. He sid. 



the latter aft. 

 villa, wr. 



I m defense of Onar's murderers and 



tonm- led to his proscription on the formation of tho 



toniuc's 

 emissaries in 48 B. C. 



. , . or Hoilrl; II II 



hep, of BQ2 r,-,,, ;,,:,.! Band ..... ( (&M C aaU 

 He i,,.t .!,.- f r.. r of UfoMo, M i retired from ad ooart, 



