420 



THE STANDARD DICTIONARY OF FACTS 



but obtained some aid from him in capturing the city 

 of Valencia from the Moors (1094), which he ruled till 

 his death. 



C'iniabue. Giovanni, born in 1240; Italian artist, 

 founder of the Florentine school, shook himself free 

 from the traditions of Byzantine art, ami l>y following 

 nature and the impulses of his own genius prepared tin- 

 way for the future great m->s of Italy in the line arts. 

 The exhibition of his table of "The Virgin" for the 

 Rucellai chapel in Santa .Maria Novella was the occa- 

 sion of a public festival. Except the ".Madonna," 

 little of his work remains. Died, 1300. 



( incimiatus, Lucius Quintiiis (slH-sfn-nah'tus), a 

 famous Koman general, who, being made dictator, in 

 458 B. C., to carry on the war against the ./.</< ami 

 Volsci, was found engaged in ploughing his own farm. 

 He gained a decisive victory, and as soon as the war 

 was over, laid down the office, returning to his simple 

 and hardy life. In the year 4".D H. C., he was again 

 appointed dictator, on occasion of intestine troubles 

 in Home. 



(lark. Champ, congressman, lawyer; born in Ander- 

 son County, Ky.. March 7, 1X50; educated in common 

 schools, Kentucky I" Diversity, Bethany College, and 

 Ciiicinnati Law School; president Marshall College, 

 rginia, 1873-74; has worked as hired hand on 

 farm, clerk in country store, country newspaper editor; 

 lawyer; was city attorney of Louisiana, Mo., and later 

 of Howling Green, Mo.; prosecuting attorney of Pike 

 County; presidential elector; member Congress, ninth 

 Missouri district, 1893-95, and again 1897-1907; chair- 

 man Democratic National Convention, St. Louis, 11)04. 



Clark, Francis Edward, founder United Society 

 Christian Endeavor; born of New England parentage, 

 Aylmer, P. Q., September 12, 1851; graduate of Dart- 

 mouth College, 1873; studied theology three years at 

 Andover; became pastor Willis ton Church, Portland, 

 Me., which from a small mission he built up to a large 

 Congregational Church; founded, February, 1881, the 

 Society of Christian Endeavor, which has extended 

 throughout the world; pastor Phillips Church, South 

 Boston, 1883-87; since then has devoted his time to 

 the Christian Endeavor work as president United Society 

 Christian Endeavor, president World's Christian En- 

 deavor Union, and editor of "The Christian Endeavor 

 World." Author: "Our Vacations," "Our Business 

 Boys," "Looking Out on Life," "Danger Signals," 

 " Young People's Prayer Meetings," "Ways and Means," 

 "Christian Endeavor Saints," "Our Journey Around the 

 World," "The Mossback Correspondence," "Fellow 

 Travelers," "The Everlasting Arms," "The Great Se- 

 cret," "World-Wide Endeavor," "A New Way Around 

 an Old World," "Training the Church of the Future," 

 "Christian Endeavor Manual," Edited (with intro- 

 duction), selections: "The Presence of God" (Bishop 

 Jeremy Taylor), "Living and Loving" (Prof. A. Tho- 

 luck), "The Kingdom Within" (Thomas a Kempis), 

 "The Golden Alphabet" (Master John Tauler); also 

 "Christian Endeavor Manual," etc. 



Clark, William Andrews, United States senator; 

 born near Cqnnellsville, Pa., January 8, 1839; educated 

 at Laurel Hill Academy and other academies; studied 

 law Mt. Pleasant, la., University; did not enter legal 

 profession; taught school, Missouri, 1859-60; went to 

 Colorado, 1862; to Montana, 1863; since then merchant, 

 banker, mine-owner, manufacturer, having large inter- 

 ests; owns street railways of Butte, the "Miner" news- 

 paper; etc.; president United Verde Copper Company, 

 of Arizona; State orator, representing Montana at Cen- 

 tennial Exposition, 1876; grand master Masons, Mon- 

 tana, 1877; major Butte battalion, leading it in Ne/ 

 Perce" campaign, 1S78; president constitutional conven- 

 tions, I.XM and l>x<; commissioner from Montana to 

 .New Orleans Exposition, 1884; Democrat candidate for 

 delegate in Congress, 1X88 (defeated); nominated by 

 Democrats for United States senator, 1890, and claimed 

 election, but was denied seat; candidate for United 

 States Senate, 1898, and elected. A contest ensued at 

 Washington, but before Investigation concluded he re- 

 signed; elected by legislature for term, 1901-O7, United 

 States Senate. 



Clay, Henry, born in 1777; American orator and 

 statesman; was educated for the law, and in 1811 entered 

 the House of Representatives,, of which he was seven 

 times elected speaker; supported the war with Great 

 Britain on the right of search in 1812, and acted as 

 plenipotentiary in the negotiations preceding the treaty 

 of Ghent (1814); was author of the Missouri Oampro- 

 mise, restricting slavery to the Southern States (1821), 

 and of the Omnibus bill, which postponed the Civil War 

 for ten years. 



Clemens, Samuel Langhorne ("Mark Twain"), 

 author, lecturer; born in Florida, Mo., November 30, 



1835; educated in common schools, Hannibal, Mo.; 



M. A.. Yale; I . H. !>.. \ ale, Hull; l.L. !>., Tniversity 



apprenticed to printer at twelve; 



worked at trade; for a short time was Mississippi pilot; 

 became, Istil, private secretary to his brother; city 

 editor Virginia City <.\ev.) "Enterprise," iMiJ; alter- 

 nated between mining and newspaper work until, be- 

 coming noted as a humorist, he began lecturing and 

 writing books; founded, IxM, publishing house of C. L. 

 WeliMer A: Co., failure of which involved him in heavy 

 losses; has since paid its debts by proceeds of lectures 

 and books; has traveled extensively. Club: Lotos. 



Author: "The Jumping Frog, 1'he Innocents Abroad," 



"Autobiography and First Romance," "The Gilded 

 Age" (with late C. I). Warner); "Roughing It," 

 "Sketches New and Old," "Adventures of Tom Sawyer," 

 " Punch Brothers," Punch, "A Tramp Abroad," "The 

 Prince and the Pauper," "The Stolen White Elephant," 

 " Life on the Mississippi," "The Adventures of Huckle- 

 berry Finn," "A Yankee at the Court of King Arthur," 

 "The American Claimant." "Merry Talcs," "The 1, 

 000,000 Hank Note," " 1'uddiif head Wilson," "Tom 

 Sawyer Abroad," "Joan of Arc," "Following the F.qua- 

 tor," "The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg," "A 

 Double-Barreled Detective Story," "Christian Science." 



Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt: born in <>'. B. C.; cele- 

 brated for her beauty, was the daughter of Ptolemy 

 Auletes, by whose will she was left joint sovereign with 

 her brother Ptolemy (51 B. C.). Expelled by the latter. 

 she sought the assistance of Julius Caesar, who restored 

 her to the throne in conjunction with a younger brother. 

 She afterwards followed Caesar to Rome, and in 41 capti- 

 vated M. Antonius, who rejected Oetavia for her sake. 

 A quarrel with Octavius ensued; the fleet of Antonius 

 and Cleopatra was defeated at Actium, and they fled 

 together to Egypt, where they both committed suicide. 

 Died, 30 B. C 



Cleveland, Grover (Stephen Grover Cleveland), 

 ex-President of the United States; born in Caldwell, 

 Essex County, N. J., March 18, 1837; academic educa- 

 tion; (LL. D., Princeton, 1897); married, June 2, 1886, 

 Frances Folsom. Went to Buffalo, 1855, became clerk 

 in a law office and was admitted to bar, 1859; assistant 

 district attorney Erie County, 1863-66; sherifT Erie 

 County, 1870-73; established law practice; in 1881 was 

 elected mayor of Buffalo. His veto of extravagant ap- 

 propriations directed outside attention to him and led 

 to his nomination and election as governor the following 

 year; in 1884 elected President of United States as 

 Democrat, over James G. Blaine, Republican, by ma- 

 jority of thirty-seven electoral votes; in 1888 again 

 Democratic nominee, but defeated by Benjamin Hani- 

 son; returned to law practice, locating in New York; 

 in 1892 again elected president as Democrat, defeating 

 President Harrison; in 1896 the Democratic party hav- 

 ing declared for the free coinage of silver in the plat- 

 form of its national convention, Mr. Cleveland with- 

 held his support from the ticket and platform. He took 

 up his residence, after his second retirement from the 

 White House, at Princeton, N. J. Elected trustee Equit- 

 able Life Assurance Society of United States, June 10, 11)0"). 



Clews, Henry, banker; born in Staffordshire, Eng- 

 land; intended for ministry, but left school at 15 to enter 

 mercantile life in New York, whither his father had taken 

 him for a visit; junior clerkship Wilson G. Hunt & 

 Company, woolen importers; member firm Stout, Clews 

 & Mason, 1858; later Livermore, Clews & Company; at 

 outbreak of Civil War invited by secretary of treasury to 

 become agent to sell government bonds; firm of Henry 

 Clews & Company organized, 1877, its members pledging 

 themselves never to take any speculative risk. Many 

 years treasurer American Geographical Society; treasurer 

 of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals; 

 connected with many city institutions and financial 

 corporations; frequent contributor to newspapers and 

 magazines. Author: "Twenty-eight Years in Wall 

 Street," "The Wall Street Point of View." 



Clifford, William Kingdon, F. 11. S., born in 1845; 

 mathematician and physicist, was educated at Cam- 

 bridge; appointed professor of applied mat hemat ics at. 

 University College, London, in 1X71; wrote "Seeing and 

 Thinking," "Lectures and Essays," and scientific works. 

 Died, 1X7'.). 



Clinton, George, an American commander and 

 statesman, born in 1739. He served in early life under 

 General Amherst against the French, and afterwards 

 Studied the law. During the struggle for independence; 

 in the North American Colonies, he sat in Congress, and 

 was made a brigadier-general. With an inferior force, 

 he succeeded in preventing Sir Henry Clinton from as- 

 sist ing General Burgoyne. Died, 1812. 



Clinton, Sir Henry, an Knglish general, succeeded 

 Sir William Howe as commander in-chief in America. 



