BIOGRAPHY 



435 



general of cavalry, with command of the third army 

 corps, he commanded the right wing of the Prussian 

 army during the Danish War of 1864. In the Austrian 

 War of 1866, he commanded the first army, and to him 

 the crowning victory of Sadowa was mainly due. In 



inco-Serman War he commanded the second 

 army, which he led to victories at Thionville, Grave- 

 lotte, and St. Privat, and thus blockaded Bazaine in the 

 entrenchments of Metz. After Bazaine's surrender with 

 170,000 men, the prince hastened westward to check 

 the armies of Chanzy and D'Aurelles de Paladine in 

 their attempts to relieve Paris from the south. A 



f battles lasted almost uninterruptedly from the 



middle of November till the middle of January, when the 



:inny <>f the west was rendered impotent at 



-. In the previous October, he had been created 

 eld-marshal. Prince Frederick was father of the 



s of Con naught. Died, 1885. 



Freeman. r..lu;ird Augustus, born in 1823; an 



historian, educated at Trinity College. Oxford. 



His first work was a "History of Architecture (1849). 



veral minor works, his most important one on 

 the History of the Norman Conquest appeared be- 



S67 and 1876, and was followed by that of "The 



f William Rufus and Accession of Henry I." 

 He also wrote histories of the "Saracens" and of the 



i an Power in Europe," and various other works, 

 some of a more popular character, besides many articles 

 and reviews. In 1884, he was appointed Regius pro- 

 fessor of Modern History at Oxford. Died. 1892. 



French. l);iniel Chester, sculptor; born in Exeter, 

 N. 11.. April L'II. 1850; educated in Exeter, N. H.; 

 Massachusetts Institution of Technology, Boston, one 

 year; A. M. t Dartmouth College; studied in Boston 

 and in Florence. Italy; had studio in Washington. 

 1876-78; in Boston and Concord. Mass., 1878-87; and 

 in New York, 1887-1900. Among his best known 

 works are "The Minute Man of Concord," at Concord, 

 Mass.; a statue of General Cass, in the capitol at Wash- 

 ington; statue of Rufus Choate, Boston courthouse; 

 John Harvard, at Cambridge, Mass., and Thomas Starr 

 King statues; "Dr. Gallaudet and His First Deaf-Mute 

 Pupil." the Milmore Memorial; and colossal "Statue of 



ublic," at World's Columbian Exposition. Re- 

 ceived medal of honor, Paris Exposition, 1900. 



I ri< k. Henry Clay, manufacturer; born in West 

 Overt on, Pa., December 19, 1849; began business life 

 as a clerk for his grandfather, a flour merchant and 

 distiller; later embarked in small way in coke business. 

 Was president, and since 1897 chairman, of board of 

 director* <>f II. C. Frick Coke Company, now largest 

 coke producer in the world, operating nearly 40,000 

 acres of coal and 12,000 coke ovens, with daily capacity 

 of 25.000 tons. Came into public notice by his vigorous 

 management during the famous strike at Homestead, 



iien he was several times shot and stabbed by 

 nkers. Chairman of board of the firm of 



< Bros., 1889-92, and chairman of board of 

 managers of the Carnegie Steel Company since 1892; 

 is also director or officer in numerous other business 

 rises. 



I. Fried rich (fra'bW, the founder of the 

 famous Kindergarten system, was a devoted German 



rn-t on the principles of Pestalozzi, which com- 

 bined physical, moral, and intellectual trainin 



with the years of childhood. Born, 178J; died, 



I. . .linnet Anthony Urood), an English essay- 

 historian, was born in Devonshire, in 1818, and 

 i at (Kford. In 1849, appeared from his pen 

 ::iarkable b<w>k. '"I he Nemesis of Faith." His 

 reputation, however. < h;. flv rests on his "History of 

 England from the I all of Wolsey to the Death 

 beth. ' I >:.<!. 1C 



U ill i. . 11 1 Pierce, lawyer, United States senator 

 nee 1881; born in Lewiston, Me.. Septem- 

 ber 2, 1831: graduate of Bowdoin 



MM II. !>.. Kat.-s. ,,,.,1 and prac- 



ticed law. Member of Maine Legislature. 1861, 1862. 

 1867; mayor of Lewiston. 1866-67; att 

 ral of Maine, 1867-69; presidential elector. 1864; 

 member of Congress. 1871-81. Chairman of Commerce 

 sion of Senate; member of Peace Commission. 

 IH98; president pro tern, of the Senate. 1896- 

 !.. i. tfter the death oil \ , - President Hobart; dfc 



it office dun UK 



frees; also \ <> tern, since Mr. Roosevelt's 



Moawsion to th.. presidi 



Fuller. MrJvlll -.. Chief Justice of the 



States, was born in Augusta. Me.. February 11. 



He wan graduated from I liner m 



1853. and attended a course of lectures at Harvard 



Law S. was admitted to the bar. 1855; 



formed a law partnership at Augusta ; was associate 

 editor of " The Age," a Democratic paper there, presi- 

 dent of the common council, and city solicitor. Went 

 to Chicago in 1856. and practiced law until 1888, Was 

 member of the Illinois State Constitutional Convention, 

 1862. and of the Leg.slature. 1S63-65. He became Chief 

 Justice of the United States, October 8. 1888. 



Ful'ton, Robert, an American engineer, was born in 

 Pennsylvania in 1765; began life as a miniature por- 

 ! trait and landscape painter, in which he made some 

 progress, but soon turned to engineering. He was one 

 of the first to apply steam to the propulsion of vessels, 

 and devoted much attention to the invention of sub- 

 marine boats and torpedoes; he built a steamboat to 

 I navigate the Hudson River, with a very slow rate of 

 progress, however, making only five miles an hour. 

 Died. 1815. 



Funston, Fred, brigadier-general of United States 

 Army; born in Ohio. November 9. 1865; graduate of 

 lola, Kan., high school, 1886; studied in Kansas State 

 University, Lawrence, two years, but was not gradu- 

 ated; reporter. Kansas City, 1890; botanist in United 

 States Death Valley expedition, 1891; commissioner for 

 Department of Agriculture to explore Alaska and report 

 on its flora, 1893, camping on the Klondike in winter of 

 1893-94; floated down Yukon, alone, in a canoe; joined 

 insurgent army in Cuba, 1896; served eighteen months; 

 was wounded; returned to United States; commissioned 

 colonel of 20th Kansas Volunteers, 1898; went to Philip- 

 pines; took part in several battles; for crossing Rio 

 Grande River at Calumpit on small bamboo raft in face 

 of heavy fire and establishing rope ferry, by means of 

 which the United States troops were enabled to cross 

 and win the battle, he was promoted to brigadier-general 

 of United States Volunteers. May 2. 1899. Continued 

 in active service in Philippines. Organized and com- 

 manded expedition resulting in capture of Aguinaldo. 

 head of Filipino insurrection, and was appointed briga- 

 dier-general of United States Army, March 30. 1901; 

 commanding department of California, with headquarters 

 at San Francisco. 1905. 



Gainsborough, Thomas (aanz'bro), an English 

 painter, born in Sudbury in 1727, was the first great 

 landscapist of the English school. His works, highly 

 prized by collectors, excel in richness of coloring and 

 vigor of chiaroscuro. Died. 1788. 



<.;i len.or Gale'nus, IMau'dlus. born in Pergaraus, in 

 Mysia, about A. D. 130; a very celebrated physician, 

 who practiced first, in his native city, and afterwards in 

 Rome, where he attended the emperors Marcus Aurelius 

 and Lucius Verus. He was the author of a large num- 

 ber of medical and philosophical writings, oi 

 upwards of eighty are still extant. Died, about 200. 



Galilei, (ijililco. astronomer and natural philosopher; 

 born in Pisa in 1564; was educated first in Horence. 

 but afterwards returned to Pisa to study medicine, 

 for which profession his father designed him. Here, 

 after becoming known as an opponent of the Aristot- 

 elian maxims, he discovered, in l.~xi!. the law of the 

 vibrations of the pendulum. Soon afterward he began 

 to study mathematics, and was appointed professor at 

 Pisa when only J">. Thence ho removed to Padua in 

 1593, and during his residence there invented a ther- 

 mometer and OMMtmeted his first telescope, the inven- 

 tion of which he had heard of at Venice. He aNo made 



astronomical discoveries, and was reestablished in 1610. 

 :it l',-:i. b\ h,- patron, Cosimo de' Me.lici. Hen- it was 

 that his opposition to traditional views, and especially 

 hit advocacy of the Copcrnican doctrine that the sun 

 was the center of the universe, brought him into con- 

 flict with the Inquisition, but proceedings were dfOBMd 

 on Calileo's promise not to teach the obnoxious 

 On the publication, however, in lf,:rj. s, , 

 after, of his "Dialogue" on the same subject, he was 

 again summoned to Home, condemned to imprisonment 

 for life, and required to solemnly recant his opta 



'.ned at lirM in the house of one of the Inquisi- 

 tors, his pupil, but \va-s afterwards allowed to hvr in 

 \\hero he ilird. having l>een blind four year*. 

 His works wore published m Florence in the years 

 1843-46. Died. 1642. 



Gallaudet, rbomai ii.-pUns (eM-fatr-dm. an 

 philanthropist, "as born in Pennsylvania in 

 and diod m is:, i. He founded the first deaf and 

 dumb asylum in the I'mtod St ford. Coon. 



Ualllnvrr, J.H..II II.. M -<t senator 



from nll. 



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he life. Member 



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