436 



THE STANDARD DICTIONARY OF FACTS 



general of State, with rank of brigadier-general, 1879-80. 

 chairman of Republican State Committee, 1882-90, 

 1898-1905; member of Congress. 1885-89. 



Galva ni. I.ui'gi, born in Bologna, September 9, 17:17; 



a celebrated Italian physiologist, from whom "Galvan- 



set himself to assist in the overthrow of the Kingdom of 

 Naples and the union of Italy under Victor Emmanuel. 

 Landing in Calabria, he entered Naples, and drove the 

 royal forces In-fore him without striking a blow, after 

 which he returned to his retreat at Caprera. ready still 



ism" derived its name. He was educated for the pro- to draw sword, and occasionally offering it again in the 

 fession of medicine, and, in 170L', was appointed lecturer cause of republicanism. Horn in 1X1)7; died in IXXL'. 

 on anatomy in the I'niversity of Bologna, in which city Garrirk. David, English actor, son of a captain in 

 he practiced. It was while holding this lectureship that I the army; was born in Hereford in 1716, and came to 



he made those discoveries, partly by means of experi- 

 ments on the muscles of frogs, which he published to 

 the world, in 1791, in his treatise entitled, "He Viribus 

 Electrieitatis in Motu Musculari Commentarius." I'he 

 now fully-established doctrine of animal electricity owes 

 its origin to the patient and laborious investigations 

 (at first little thought of) of the Bologna professor. 

 Died, December 4. 



(.anil.etta. I.eon JlirliH. born in 1S38; French 

 statesman; son of a grocer of Cahors; went as a young 

 man to Paris with the object of practicing at the bar, 

 but did nothing remarkable till his thirtieth year. In 

 1868. he attracted notice by his conduct of the defense 

 in the " proces 1 >elesclu/e." and in the next year was 

 elected deputy for both Paris and Marseilles, when he 

 immediately became the most influential member of the 

 Opposition. After the outbreak of the war, in the 

 f the siege of Paris, he went to Tours in a bal- 

 loon, and was chiefly instrumental in organizing the 

 government, and the conduct of the war. During the 

 years between the peace and 1879,Gambetta was chiefly 

 occupied with his idea of the revanche and with the 

 development of Opportunism. In the latter year it 

 was his influence which, in the main, brought about the 

 abdication of Marshal Macmahon. On the election of 

 M. GreVy, he became president of the chamber, and, 

 in 1881, prime minister of France, but only held office 



y 27, 1882, after 

 airs. He died on 



December 31st of the same year, from a wound acci- 

 dentally inflicted on himself by a pistol shot. 



Gardiner, Samuel Kawson, born in 1829; English 

 historian; was educated at Winchester and Christ 

 Church. In 1884, he was elected fellow of All Souls', 

 and was for some years professor of modern history at 

 King's College, London. His historical works include 

 "The History of England from the Accession of James I. 

 to the Disgrace of Chief Justice Coke," "Prince Charles 

 and the Spanish Marriage," "England Under the Duke 

 of Buckingham and Charles I.," "The Personal Govern- 

 ment of Charles I.," and the "Fall of the Monarchy of 

 Charles I.," all these being republished as a continuous 

 work in 1883-84; "An Introduction to the Study of 

 English History" (with J. B. Mullinger), "History of 

 the Great Civil War," and a complete "History of 

 England." 



Garfteld, .lamps Abram, born in Orange Township, 

 Cuyahoga County, Ohio, November 19, 1831; the twen- 

 tieth president of the United States. He was elected 

 to the presidency at the close of 1880, and entered upon 

 office in the spring of the following year; but on the 

 2d of July, he was shot by an assassin (Guiteau) while 

 at the Washington station of the Baltimore & Potomac 

 Railway, and died at Long Branch, on the Atlantic 

 coast, after lingering for nearly three months. His 

 early poverty, his manly independence, his hard-won 



a few months, resigning on January 

 which he took very little part in affai 



attainments, and his incorruptible integrity 

 caused his career to be watched as that 



had all 



man of 



exceptional powers and of brilliant promise; and his 

 untimely death was mourned, not only by his own coun- 

 trymen, but by the whole civilized world. Died, Sep- 

 tember 19, 1881. 



Garfield, James Rudolph, Secretary of the Interior; 

 son of James Abram Garfield, twentieth president of the 



United States, was born in Hiram, Ohio, October 17, "Disquisitiones Arithmetic: 



1865; graduate of Williams College, Massachusetts, 1885; | professor and director of the observatory at Gottingen. 

 studied at Columbia Law School; admitted to the bar and held the position until his death. During this period 



London with Dr. .Johnson in 1736, to study law. On 

 the death of his father, however, he joined his brother, 

 a wine merchant, but soon gave this up to go on the 

 stage. He made his first appearance, under the name 

 of Lyddal, at Ipswich, in 1711, and soon after played 

 "Richard" in the theater of Goodman's Fields, where 

 his success enabled him to get an engagement at Drury 

 Lane. In 1743, he went to Dublin; in 1747, became 

 joint patentee of Drury Lane, two years later marrying 

 Mademoiselle Violette. He acted at Drury Lane until 

 1776, when he retired and sold his share in the concern. 

 His last appearance was on June 10th, as Don Felix in 

 "The Wonder." He died on January 20, 1779, and 

 was buried in Westminster Abbey. 



Garrison, William Lloyd, born in 1805; American 

 abolitionist, of humble birth; was apprenticed at the 

 age of 13 to the printer of the "Newburyport (Mass.) 

 Herald," for which paper he afterwards wrote. In 1826, 

 he became owner and editor of the " Free Press," and 

 in the next year, editor of the "National Philanthropist," 

 in which temperance and emancipation were advocated. 

 In 1831, he started "The Liberator," and from hence- 

 forth devoted himself entirely, at great personal risk, 

 to the cause of slavery abolition. He visited England 

 three times in 1833, 1840, and 1866 and wa- well 

 received. In 1847, "Sonnets and Other Poems" from 

 his pen were published, and, in 1852, a selection from 

 his speeches and writings. Died, 1879. 



Gaskell, Mary, born in 1822; English novelist (ne'e 

 Stevenson), married a Unitarian minister, and wrote 

 "Mary Barton" (1848), "Moorland Cottage" (1850). 

 and several contributions to "Household Words," 

 which included "Cranford" and "North and South"; 

 "Wives and Daughters" was appearing in the "Corn- 

 hill" at the time of her death. She also wrote a biog- 

 raphy of Charlotte Bronte. She was a friend and 

 helper of Thomas Wright, and was very active in char- 

 itable works during the cotton famine. Died, lXt;:>. 



Gates, Horatio, American general; born in England 

 in 1728, and accompanied General Braddock, but sub- 

 sequently purchased an estate in Virginia, where he 

 lived until the outbreak of the war in 1775, when he was 

 appointed by Congress adjutant -general. He per- 

 formed many services to the American cause, the great- 

 est of which was the defeat of Burgoyne at Saratoga. 

 In the latter part of the war he held a command in the 

 South, and was not so successful, being defeated by Lord 

 Cornwallis at Camden. Died, 1806. 



Gatling, Richard Jordan, born in 1818: American 

 inventor; a doctor by profession. In 1850, he invented 

 a double-acting hemp-brake, and, in 1857, a steam 

 plough; but his most celebrated invention was that of 

 the revolving gun, which bears his name, the conception 

 of which came to him in 1861. In 1865, the gun was 

 improved and tested, and was forthwith brought into 

 use by the United States service; and several European 

 governments also adopted it. Among Dr. Gat ling's 

 later inventions were an improved method of casting 

 steel cannon and a pneumatic gun for discharging ex- 

 plosives. Died, 1903. 



Gauss, Karl Fricdrich, born in 1777; German 

 mathematician and astronomer, patronized by the Duke 

 of Brunswick, who defrayed the expenses of his education 

 at Brunswick and Gottingen, where in 1801 he produced 



In 1807, he became 



X; practiced law in Ohio, 1XXX-1902; member of he brought out many works on pure mathernat ics, ast ron- 

 jenate, IX'.Hl to HKH); trustee of Williams College; omy, and other sciences, among which the chief are 



er of 1'nited States Civil Service Commission from "Theoria Motus Corporum Caelestium, in Sectionibus 



in 1888. 



( )hio Senate 



member Of I imeti k ^i;ue> \ i\ii ^<-I\HT: vyiii inn iri.-5u.iii i i i mi i 



1902 to February, HlO.'i; commissioner of corporations, conicis Ambientium, 



. 



Department of Commerce and Labor, from February, 



' ' ' 



Recherches sur la GeoiK '-sie 



1903, to March, 1907. 



interior, March 5. I'.IO". 



Appointed secretary of the 



, . 



Garibaldi (o&r-e-bal'de), an Italian patriot, began 

 life as a sailor. He associated himself enthusiastically 

 with Mazzini for the liberation of his country, but being 

 convicted of conspiracy, lied to South America, where, 

 both as a privateer arid a soldier, he gave his services 

 to the young republics struggling there for life. Re- 

 turning to Europe, he took part in the defense of Home 

 against France, but being defeated, fled to New York, 

 to return to the Isle of Caprera, biding his time. He 

 joined the Piedmontese against Austria, and, in 1860, 



supdrieure," and invented the Heliotrope. Died in 1x55. 



Gengis Khan, born in 1162; Emperor of the Mon- 

 gols, whose real name was Temoutchin, the title meaning 

 " i lie chief of the most powerful." Having consolidated 

 the Tartar tribes, he marched against the Emperor of 

 China, whose general he was, overran his empire (1212- 

 1214), ravaged northern India, which he temporarily 

 subdued, and penetrated into Russia through 1'ersia. 

 Having reached the Crimea, sacked numerous towns, 

 and slaughtered millions of men, the Tartars returned. 

 Died. 1L'L'7. 



Genseric, born in 406; King of the Vandals, reigned 

 at first with his brother Gonderic, afterwards alone, and 



