440 



THE STANDARD DICTIONARY OF FACTS 



yard" (1749), is one of the most perfect compositions 

 of its kind in the language. Died. 1771. 



(ireeley, Horace* born in IMl; American journalist 

 and politician; son of a New Hampshire farmer; came 

 to New York, anil, after >ome failures, established in 

 Ivll, the "New York Tribune," in which he supported 

 Lincoln and the I'm'on. In IMS, he became a member 

 of Congress, and, though not prominent there, was one 

 of the founders of the Republican party in IS.').'). He 

 ultimately, however, became a Democrat, and unsuc- 

 cessfully opposed Grant for the presidency in 1872, but 

 died (1872) the same year, lie twice visited Europe. 

 He was author of "The American Conflict," "What 1 

 Know about Farming," and "Recollections of a Busy 

 Life." 



Green, John Kichard," Knglish historian: born in 

 Oxford in 1837, and educated at Magdalen College school 

 and Jesus College: took order- in isdti. and was some 

 time vicar of St. Philip's. Stepney, becoming in 1868, 

 librarian at Lambeth. He was author of "A Short His- 

 tory of the English People," "A History of the English 

 People." "The Making of England/' and "The Conquest 

 of England," published after his death, in 1883, by his 

 wife, who assisted him in various other works, and her- 

 self wrote "Henry II." in the "Twelve English States- 

 men" series. Died, 1883. 



Greene, \athaniel, born in 1742; American general; 

 educated himself, and broke with the Quakers on ac- 

 count of his later military pursuits; distinguished him- 

 self at the battle of the Brandywine ; was defeated several 

 times by Cornwallis, but won the battle of Eutaw Springs. 

 Died, 1786. 



Gregory I., Pope, called the "Great"; was ap- 

 pointed by the Emperor of the East Governor of Rome, 

 but, on inheriting his father's wealth, resigned it, and 

 became Abbot of St. Andrew's, Rome. After being 

 secretary to Pelagius II., he succeeded him as Bishop 

 of Rome; renounced communion with the Eastern 

 Christians because of the assumption of the title "Uni- 

 versal Bishop" by the patriarch of Constantinople; 

 composed chants, and established a musical school, in 

 which he taught himself, and collected and arranged 

 fragments of ancient hymns. He was a great opponent 

 of secular learning, but was author of numerous sacred 

 works, of which the chief was his " Morals on the Book 

 of Job." Died, 604. 



Gregory VII., " Hildebrand " ; born in 1028; a man 

 of modest birth, who became monk of Clugny and Arch- 

 deacon of Rome; exercised great influence over Leo IX. 

 and succeeding popes, till he was himself appointed, in 

 1073, to succeed Alexander II. He attacked simony 

 and concubinage in the Church, and carried the power 

 of the papacy to a high pitch, declining to submit to rati- 

 fication of election from the emperor, and attempting 

 to enforce spiritual control over the sovereigns of Europe. 

 He was firmly opposed by William I. of England and 

 Philip I. of France, but he excommunicated Henry IV. 

 of Germany, and compelled him to do penance in 1077, 

 although he was eventually deposed by him. He died 

 in Salerno, in 1085, where he had been taken after his 

 rescue from the castle of St. Angelo by the Normans of 

 Apulia. 



Grevy, Francois Paul Jules, born in 1813; French 

 statesman, came to the front at Paris as a defender of 

 republicans in political cases, and in 1848, was elected a 

 member of the constituent assembly. He joined the 

 Cote" Gauche, became vice-president of the Assembly, 

 and opposed the presidency of Louis Napoleon. In 1868, 

 his native department (the Jura) returned him for the 

 Assembly, and, on resuming public life, he strongly op- 

 posed the second empire. He became president of the 

 Assembly in 1871, and was reflected three times. Be- 

 tween 1873 and 1876, when he was a private member, 

 he strongly opposed the Monarchists, and he afterwards 

 vigorously resisted the schemes of MacMahon, on whose 

 resignation, in 1879, he became President of the Republic, 

 in which office he displayed much tact, and in 1885, 

 made peace with China on his own responsibility. In 

 December of that year he was reflected, but in 1887, 

 was obliged to resign owing to the discovery of his son- 

 in-law's (M. Wilson) implication in the decoration scan- 

 dals. Died, 1891. 



Grey, Lady Jane, born in 1537; grand-niece of 

 Henry VIII.; was app9inted heir to the throne by Ed- 

 ward VI. in contravention of the previous settlement of 

 the succession, and having married a son of Dudley, 

 Duke of Northumberland, was made queen and reigned 

 ten days; she was beheaded with Lord Dudley. Died 

 in 1554. 



Griggs, James M., congressman, lawyer: born in 

 Lagrange, Ga. r March 29, 1861; graduate of Peabody 

 Normal College, Nashville, Tenn., 1881; taught school 

 and studied law; admitted to bar, 1883; practiced at 



Alapaha, Berrien County, Ga.; was for short time in 



bcr of Congress, since 1S.)7, second ( leorgia district; 

 chairman of Democratic Congressional Committee. I'.Hti'. 



<; rim m. Jakob l.udwin d/rlrn). a C.erman philologist 

 bom at Hanau, was associated in his literary labors with 

 his brother, Wilhehn Karl, born 1786. Their principal 

 joint work is the well-known and highly esteemed 

 " (lennan Dictionary" bearing their names, and pub- 

 lished in IS.'.U. Jakob, who died in 1863, was also the 

 author of the "Legal Antiquities of Germany," a "His- 

 tory of the German Language," and "German My- 

 thology" all standard works. Wilhelm died in l.s.V.). 



Grosvenor, Charles Henry, lawyer; born in Pom- 

 fret, Windham County, Conn., September I'd, is:;:-!; went 

 to Ohio, May, 1838; attended country log-school house; 

 taught school ; studied law; admitted to bar, lSf>7; en- 

 gaged in practice. Served in Eighteenth Ohio volunteers, 

 July, 1861, to November, 1865, as major, lieutenant- 

 colonel, colonel, and brevet brigadier-general. Mem- 

 ber of Ohio Legislature, 1874-78 (speaker, two years); 

 presidential elector, 1872 and 1880; trustee Ohio Sol- 

 diers' and Sailors' Orphans' Home, 1880-88, and presi- 

 dent for five years; delegate at large to National Repub- 

 lican Convention, 1896 and 1900; member of Congress 

 1885-91, and again from 1893 to 1907, eleventh Ohio 

 district; member of Committee on Ways and Means, and 

 chairman of Committee on Mines and Mining, 55th, and 

 member of Committee on Ways and Means, Committee 

 on Rules, and chairman of Committee on Merchant Marine 

 and Fisheries, 56th, 57th, 58th, and 59th Congresses. 

 Author: "William McKinley, His Life and Work." 



Grosvenor, Edwin Augustus, educator, author; 

 born in Newburyport, Mass., August 30, 1845; graduate 

 from Amherst, 1867, Andover Theological Seminary, 

 1872 (A. M., Amherst, 1871; LL. D., Wabash, 1903, 

 Alfred University, 1904); professor of history, Robert 

 College, Constantinople, 1873-90; professor of European 

 history, 1892-98, modern governments and their admin- 

 istration, 1898-1901, modern government and inter- 

 national law since 1901, Amherst. Author: " The Hippo- 

 drome of Constantinople"; " Constantinople " (2 vols.) ; 

 " The Permanence of the Greek Type " ; " Contemporary 

 History"; etc. 



G rote, George, born in 1794; historian and politician; 

 educated at the Charterhouse ; entered the family 

 bankinghouse, but devoted his leisure time to literary 

 work. He published many pamphlets on reform, and 

 contributed to the "Westminster Review." In 1833 

 he was elected for the City of London, for which he con- 

 tinued to sit till 1841, as one of the "Philosophical 

 Radicals." His "History of Greece" appeared between 

 1846 and 1856, and was followed by "Plato and Other 

 Companions of Socrates." Died, 1871. 



Grotius, Hugo, German statesman and writer; 

 born at Delft, 1583; entered public life as pensionary 

 of Rotterdam; went to England in 1615 as a commis- 

 sioner on the Greenland fisheries' question, And there 

 met Casaubon. As a friend of Barnevelt, and a sup- 

 porter of Arminius, he was imprisoned by the stadtholder, 

 Maurice (1619), but two years after his wife contrived his 

 escape, and he went to Paris for some years. After a 

 short stay in Holland, and a residence of two years at 

 Hamburg, he returned to Paris in 1635, as Swedish 

 ambassador, where he remained till shortly before his 

 death. Chief among his many works were "Poemata 

 Sacra," "De Jure Belli et Pacis," and "Annotationes in 

 Novum Testamentum." Died, 1645. 



Grouchy, Emmanuel, Marquis de (groo-she'), a 

 marshal of France; born in Paris, 1766. He served 

 with distinction under Napoleon I.; received a marshal's 

 baton in 1814, and, in 1HI.~>, refused to march his corps 

 from Wavre to the assistance of the emperor at Waterloo, 

 alleging his having received no order from Napoleon to 

 that effect. It is not certain whether he intended to 

 betray the cause of Napoleon, but his culpable indecision 

 certainly contributed to the disaster which befell the 

 French arms. Exiled in the same year, he was restored 

 to his rank and honors in 1830, and died in 1847. 



Guericke, Otto von, born in 1602; German philoso- 

 pher; born in Magdeburg, of which he became burgo- 

 master, after traveling in France and England, and 

 studying at Leyden. He invented the air-pump, and 

 made experiments before the diet at Ratiflbon in 1654. 

 He also constructed the first electric machine, and de- 

 scribed his "Magdeburg Hemispheres," in his ".Nova 

 Experimental' Died, 1686. 



GuflVy. James McClurgi petroleum producer; born 

 in Westmoreland County, 1'a., January 19, 1839; edu- 

 cated in public schools and a term in commercial school; 

 railroad and express clerk in South; returned to Penn- 



