444 



THE STANDARD DICTIONARY OF FACTS 



nation, which, however, when accepted, he disavowed. 

 The Supreme Court decided in his favor, and he was 

 reappointed. During his first term of office he sold the 

 vale of Rohilcund to Sujah Dowlah and obtained the 

 execution of Nuncomar, his enemy. During hi* stvond 

 term, in order to obtain money, he took those measures 

 against the Rajah of Benares and the Nabob of Oude 

 which were afterwards charged against him, but left the 

 affairs of the company in a very prosperous condition. 

 Three years after his return he was impeached before the 

 lords for high crimes and misdemeanors, but, after a 

 trial which proceeded at intervals for seven years, and 

 in spite of the eloquence of Burke and Sheridan, he was 

 acquitted in 1795. He was ruined by the expense, but 

 was granted an annuity by the court of directors. Died, 

 1818. 



Hawthorne, Nathaniel, an eminent American 

 romancist, was born at Salem, Mass., in 1804. He 

 graduated at Bowdoin College in 1825, and two years 

 later published his "Twice-told Tales," a work highly 

 spoken of by the "North American Review." In 1846, 

 he was appointed surveyor of the port of Salem, and in 

 1854, United States Consul at Liverpool, England, a 

 position he held for four years. Hawthorne's reputation 

 will mainly rest upon "The Scarlet Letter," "The 

 House of the Seven Gables," and "The Blithedale Ro- 

 mance," works of the very highest order of merit. Died, 

 1864. 



Hay, John, an American statesman and writer; 

 born in Salem, Ind., 1838. He was graduated from 

 Brown University, and settled in Illinois as a lawyer, but 

 went to Washington in 1861, as one of Lincoln's private 

 secretaries, acting also as his aide-de-camp. He served 

 under generals Hunter and Gillmore with the rank of 

 major and assistant adjutant-general. He was subse- 

 quently in the United States diplomatic service, stationed 

 at Paris, Vienna, and Madrid. In 1897, he was made 

 ambassador to England, and in 1898, secretary of state. 

 His literary reputation rests upon " Pike County Ballads," 

 "Castilian Days," a volume of travel; and "Life of 

 Abraham Lincoln" (with J. G. Nicolay). As secretary 

 of state, Mr. Hay gained a standing equal to that of the 

 most eminent men who have held that high office. In 

 coolness, foresight, and statesmanlike appreciation of 

 current and coining events he had no superior among 

 contemporary diplomats. Died, 1905. 



Haydn, Joseph, a celebrated musical composer; 

 born in Austria, 1732, and studied under Porpora. In 

 1791, Haydn produced in London six grand symphonies 

 followed at Vienna, in 1780, by his "chef-d'oeuvre," ".The 

 Creation." Died, 1809. 



Hayes, Rutherford Birchard, the nineteenth pres- 

 ident of the United States, succeeding Grant, was born 

 in Ohio, 1817, and practiced law in Cincinnati. Mar- 

 ried, in 1852, Lucy Ware Webb. He supported Scott 

 in 1852, Fremont in 1856, and Lincoln for the presidency. 

 He entered the army as major of the 23d Ohio Infantry, 

 and participated in the campaigns of West Virginia and 

 the battles around Winchester; was severely wounded 

 at South Mountain; elected to Congress from Ohio in 

 1864; twice governor of Ohio; nominated for the presi- 

 dency by the Republican Convention at Cincinnati, 

 June, 1876, in opposition to S. J. Tilden, of New York; 

 took his seat March 4, 1877. Died, 1893. 



Hayne, Robert Young, an American statesman; 

 born in South Carolina in 1791; was admitted to the bar 

 in 1812; served in the war with Great Britain; and at its 

 close returned to his practice in Charleston. He sat in 

 the United States Senate from 1823 to 1832. He was a 

 vigorous opponent of protection, and in 1832 boldly sup- 

 ported in Congress the doctrine of Nullification. Daniel 

 Webster's reply ranks among his ablest speeches. In 

 November, 1832, South Carolina adopted an ordinance 

 of nullification, in December Hayne was elected governor, 

 and the State prepared to resist the federal power by 

 force of arms. A compromise, however, was agreed to 

 and the ordinance was repealed. Hayne died September 

 24, 1839. 



Hazlltt, William, born in 1778; critic and essayist, 

 son of a Nonconformist minister; as an artist became 

 acquainted with Leigh Hunt and Lamb, and published 

 his "Essays on the Principles of Human Action," after 

 which he contributed to the "Examiner" many essays, 

 including "The Round Table," "Table Talk," criticisms 

 on "The Spirit of the Age," and lectured on Elizabethan 

 dramatists at the Surrey Institution. He also wrote 

 "Characters of Shakespere's Plays," "View of the Con- 

 temporary English Stage," and a "Life of Napoleon." 

 Died, 1830. 



Hearst, Phebe, philanthropist; born in 1840; 

 maiden name Apperson; married in 1861 George F. 

 Hearst, late United States Senator from California, who 

 died in 1891. Has established and endowed five kin- 



dergarten classes for poor children, and a manual training 

 school in San Francisco; several kindergartens, and a 

 kindergarten training school in Washington, D. C.; 

 made donations to the American University, Washington 

 and given $200,000 to build National Cathedral School 

 for girls; has donated from $3,000,000 to S-l.OOO.(HH) for 

 buildings for the Greater University of California, having 

 previously paid the cost of a competition of the best 

 architects of America and Europe for the plans; main- 

 tains a school for mining engineers at the University of 

 California as a memorial to her husband; has built, 

 endowed and given thousands of dollars to free libraries, 

 established working girls' clubs, and done much other 

 educational and charitable work. 



Hearst, William Randolph, newspaper publisher; 

 born in San Francisco in 1863; son of late Senator 

 George F. and Phebe Apperson Hearst; educated in 

 public schools, San Francisco, and Harvard. Editor 

 and proprietor of "San Francisco Examiner," 1886; 

 bought "New York Journal," 1895; later bought "Ad- 

 vertiser," to secure news franchise, and consolidated it 

 with the "Journal"; started* "Chicago American," 

 1900. In 1902, changed name of morning issue in 

 Chicago to "The Examiner," and of evening issue in 

 New York to "The American." Elected to 58th and 

 59th congresses, llth New York district; Democrat. 

 President of National League of Democratic Clubs. 

 Candidate for mayor of New York on Municipal Owner- 

 ship ticket, 1905; and for governor, 1906. Promoter 

 of the Independence League. 



Hedin, Sven Anders, Swedish traveler; born in 

 Stockholm, 1865, and educated at Stockholm and in Ger- 

 many. He began his explorations in Persia in 1885, and 

 has traveled through Khorasan and Turkestan, several 

 times through Tibet and other parts of Central Asia. 

 His books include "Through. Asia, 1898," ".Central Asia 

 and Tibet," and "Scientific Results of a Journey in Cen- 

 tral Asia 1899-1902." 



Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrlch (ha'-gail), a Ger- 

 man metaphysician; born in Stuttgart, 1770, became, in 

 1801, a lecturer in Jena University; in 1816 entered 

 upon the professorship of philosophy at Heidelberg, and 

 two years later filled a similar chair at Berlin. 

 The Hegelian system of philosophy is looked upon 

 as an attempt to combine the real and the ideal, and, 

 though perhaps, but imperfectly understood so far, it is 

 accounted in Germany as forming, or rather associating 

 together, the salient doctrines of the Pantheistic school. 

 Died, 1831. 



Heine, Heinrich, German poet; born in 1799 in Diis- 

 seldorf of Jewish parents, and sent to Hamburg to prepare 

 for a commercial life, but preferred studying law. At 

 Bonn he was pupil of Schlegel, and at Berlin made the 

 acquaintance of Varnhagen von Ense. In 1825, he 

 renounced Judaism, and after 1830 lived at Paris, where 

 he married Mathilde Mirat. He traveled much, but in 

 1847 had an attack of paralysis, and soon after became 

 blind. His chief works are "Buch der Lieder," followed 

 by other poems; "Reisebilder," "Der Salon," "Ueber 

 Borne," a satire; "Deutschland ein Wintermarchen," 

 and "Atta Troll." Died, 1856. 



Helmholtz, Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand, a Ger- 

 man scientist,; born in Potsdam, 1821, became professor 

 of physiology at Heidelberg; 1858. He ranks among the 

 ablest of recent natural philosophers; has written many 

 profoundly erudite treatises on the relations of physical 

 forces; and is the inventor of the ophthalmoscope, an 

 instrument for the examination of the ball of the eye. 

 Died, 1894. 



Hemans, Felicia Dorothea, nee Browne, born in 

 1794; English verse-writer; wrote "Early Blossoms" 

 before she was 15, and afterwards "Domestic Affec- 

 tions." "Hymns for Children," etc. She died in Dublin, 

 1835, where she lived after Captain Hemans left her. 



Heney, Francis Joseph, lawyer; born in Lima, 

 N. Y., March 17, 1859; resident of San Francisco since 

 1864; educated at public primary, grammar and night 

 schools, 1866-75, University ot California, lS7t-so, 

 Hastings Law School, 1883-84. Admitted to bar, Sep- 

 tember, 1883; in cattle business in Arizona, 1885-89; 

 conducted Indian trader store, Fort Apache, Arizona, 

 1886-88; practiced law, Tucson, Arizona, 1889-95; 

 took prominent part in litigation by which titles under 

 Mexican land grants in Arizona were settled, and in 

 argument of three land-grant cases before United States 

 Supreme Court; was attorney-general of Arizona, 1893- 

 94; removed to San Francisco, 1895, and confined cases 

 to civil business until urged by United States Attorney- 

 General Knox to undertake land fraud cases at Portland, 

 Ore.; discovered conspiracy of United States Attorney 

 John H. Hall to protect guilty politicians in considered ion 

 of reappointment; secured removal and indictment of 



