448 



THE STANDARD DICTIONARY OF FACTS 



years 183040 appeared also "Notre-Dame de Paris," 

 and several volumes of verse, and the poet was elected 

 to the Academic in 1841. In 1845 he also became "pair 

 de France." In 1848, he was elected by Paris to the 

 Constitutional Assembly, and acted with the moderates, 

 but in the next Assembly he became one of the orators 

 of the left, and, having attempted to resist the coup 

 d'etat of Louis Napoleon, was banished in 18.~>I. 1 It- 

 lived chiefly in Jersey and Guernsey, and wrote "I^es 

 Contemplations" and "La Legendes des Siecles." He 

 refused to avail himself of the amnesties of 1859 and 

 1869, but returned to Paris in 1870. In 1866, appeared 

 "Les Travailleurs de la Mer," and, after the return, 

 "Quatre-vingt Treize," "L'Histoire d'un Crime," and 

 many other works. "Hernani" was revived in 1867, 

 and Hugo became a senator in 1879. He was buried in 

 the Pantheon, which was secularized for the purpose. 

 Chief among his lyrics were his earlv "Odes et Ballades." 

 " I*es Feuilles d' Automne," " I^es Chants du Cr5puscule," 

 "Les Rayons et les Ombres," and "Chansons des Rues 

 et des Bois." The romance " Les Mise*rables," was trans- 

 lated into twelve languages. Died, 1885. 



Hull, Isaac, an American naval officer; born in 

 Derby, Conn., March 9, 1775. In July, 1812, he com- 

 manded the frigate "Constitution," which was chased 

 by a British squadron for three days, but escaped by 

 skillful sailing. While cruising in the Gulf of St. Law- 

 rence he met the British frigate "Guerriere," which, 

 after a bloody fight of half an hour, surrendered, August 

 19, 1812. The "Guerriere" was so injured in the battle 

 that she soon sunk. The British ship lost 100 men; the 

 "Constitution" had fourteen men killed and wounded, 

 and within an hour or so was ready for another fight. 

 This was the first naval battle of the War of 1812, and 

 Congress gave Captain Hull a gold medal for his services. 

 He died in Philadelphia, Pa., February 3, 1843. 



H ii in hold t . Friedrich Heinrich Alex., Baron von, 

 great traveler and naturalist, born in Berlin, 1769, 

 devoted all his life to the study of nature in all its de- 

 partments, traveling all over the continent, and in 1800, 

 with Aime! Bonpland for companion, visiting South 

 America, traversing the Orinoco, and surveying and 

 mapping out in the course of five years, Venezuela, 

 Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Mexico, the results of 

 which he published in his "Travels." His chief work is 

 the "Kosmos," or an account of the visible universe, in 

 four volumes, originally delivered as lectures in Paris in 

 the winter of 1827-28. He was a friend of Goethe, who 

 held him in the highest esteem. Died, 1859. 



Hume, David (hum), an eminent historian, born in 

 Edinburgh, 1711, after laying the basis of a great literary 

 reputation by his "Treatise on Human Nature," pro- 

 duced " Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary," and other 

 works, published between the years 1754 and 1761. His 

 celebrated "History of England," for two generations 

 esteemed the ablest work of its class, was considered by 

 many critics open to objection on the score of skepticism 

 and undue partiality. Died, 1770. 



Hunter, John, the most eminent English anatom- 

 ist of modern times; born near Glasgow in 1728; 

 became surgeon of St. George's Hospital, London, and 

 a Fellow of the Royal Society, and acquired high celeb- 

 rity by his discoveries in comparative anatomy and 

 physiology- Died, 1793. 



Huss, or Hus, Johann, born probably in 1369; 

 Bohemian reformer, attacked abuses in Prague Univer- 

 sity and among the clergy, and opposed German predomi- 

 nance. He was excommunicated by John XXIII. for 

 giving adhesion to Wycliffe's doctrines, and afterwards 

 wrote his "Tractatus de Ecclesia." Having gone to the 

 council of Constance under a safe-conduct from the 

 emperor, his enemies procured his imprisonment as a 

 heretic, and, on refusal to retract, he was burnt. Died, 

 1415. 



Huxley, Thomas Henry, an English biologist and 

 essayist; born in Ealing, England, May 4, 182">. He 

 was graduated at London University in 1845. In 1846- 



1850 he sailed around the world as a naval surgeon. In 



1851 he was made F. R. S. by the Royal Society; he 

 became professor of natural history in the School of 

 Mines in 1854; hunterian professor in the Royal College 

 of Surgeons in 1863; president of the British Geological 

 and Ethnological Societies in 1869; secretary of the 

 Royal Society in 1872; Lord Rector of Aberdeen Uni- 

 versity in 1872; and president of the Royal Society in 

 1883. He was an able advocate of Darwinian evolution, 

 and was perhaps best known to the popular apprehen- 

 sion by his agnostic speculations, in expounding which 

 he came into controversy with the defenders of Theism 

 and Christianity. He wrote a number of scientific 

 works. He died in Eastbourne, England, June 29, 1895. 



Huyghens, Christian, born in 1629; Dutch natural 

 philosopher and astronomer; was compelled to leave 



Paris by the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. He 

 had been invited to France by Colbert, and during his 

 residence there visited England, and was made Fellow 

 of the Royal Society. He applied the pendulum to 

 clocks, ascertained the laws of collision of elastic bodies, 

 and discovered the rings of Saturn. Died, 1693. 



Hypatia, born circa 370; daughter of Theon, head 

 of the Platonic school of Alexandria, gave public lec- 

 tures in philosophy, but was brutally murdered by the 

 partisans of the Patriarch Cyril. Died, 415. 



Ibsen, Henrik, born in 1828; Norwegian dramatist, 

 appointed director of the theater at Bergen in ls,~>:j, 

 and, in 1857, of that at Christiania. Among his plnys 

 are "Brand," "Peer CJynt," "The Pillars of Society," 

 "The Doll's House," "Ghosts." etc. Died, 1906. 



Ingalls, Melville Ezra, railroad president; born in 

 Harrison. Me., September 6, 1842; brought up on a 

 farm; educated in Bridgeton Academy and studied in 

 Bowdoin College; graduate of Harvard Law School, 

 1863; practiced first at Gray, Me., but soon removed 

 to Boston; member of Massachusetts Senate, isiiT. 

 President in 1870, receiver in 1871, of the Indianapolis, 

 Cincinnati & Lafayette Railroad, and from bankrupt 

 condition, with aid of reorganizations in 1873 and 1880, 

 put its successor, the Cincinnati, Indianapolis, St. Louis 

 & Chicago, upon a sound footing, consolidating it with 

 other roads into the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & 

 St. Louis Railroad, of which he is chairman (comprising 

 the "Big Four" system); also from October 1, 1888, 

 until February, 1900, president of Chesapeake & Ohio 

 Railway Company; president of Merchants' National 

 Bank, Cincinnati. Was Democratic candidate for mayor 

 of Cincinnati, 1903; president of National Civic Federa- 

 tion, 1905, 



Ingersoll, Robert Green, born in 1H33; American 

 lawyer; was colonel of a federal regiment, 1862-65; 

 and, in 1866, State attorney-general. Was a well-known 

 orator and anti-Christian lecturer. Died, 1899. 



Innocent III., Pope, born circa 1160; son of Count 

 Trasimund, a Roman noble; elected in 1198, aimed at 

 making the papacy supreme in all European affairs. 

 In 1212, he deposed the Emperor Otho, setting up 

 Frederick II. in his place. His dispute with John of 

 England concerning the appointment of Langton to the 

 See of Canterbury, lasted from 1207 to 1213. In that 

 year John admitted Langton, and surrendered England 

 to the pope, at the same time receiving it back as a papal 

 fief. Innocent favored the fourth crusade (1200). 

 Died, 1216. 



Ireland, John, Roman Catholic Archbishop of St. 

 Paul since May, 1888; born in Ireland, September 11, 

 1838; came to United States in boyhood. Educated in 

 Cathedral School, St. Paul; studied theology, France; 

 (LL. D., Yale, 1901); ordained priest, December 21, 

 1861; chaplain of 5th Minnesota regiment in Civil War; 

 rector cathedral, St. Paul; secretary and later coadjutor 

 to Bishop Grace, of St. Paul; consecrated December 

 21,1875. Author: "The Church and Modern Society," 

 etc. 



Irving, Sir Henry (John Henry Brodribb), actor; 

 born in Keinton, near Glastonbury, in 1838; acted at 

 the Theater Royal, Edinburgh, from 1856 to IS")'.), and 

 afterwards for seven years at Manchester. He played 

 in London in 1859, but attracted little notice till his 

 appearance at St. James' Theater in 1866. He soon 

 established a connection with the Lyceum, of which he 

 became manager in 1878. There he played his chief 

 parts, in conjunction with Miss Ellen Terry, producing] 

 amongst other plays, "Hamlet," "The Merchant of 

 Venice," "Faust," "Macbeth," "Henry VIII.," "The 

 Bells," and other well-known productions. Died, 1905. 



Irving, Washington, born in 17S3; American man 

 of letters, son of a New York merchant; was admitted 

 to the bar in 1806, but devoted himself to literature. 

 In 1810, he became a partner in his brother's commer- 

 cial establishment, which failed in 1H17. He lived in 

 Europe from 1815 to 1832, acting as secretary to the 

 American embassy in I oridon from 1829 to 1831. From 

 1842 to 1846, he was United States minister to Spain. 

 Among his works are "Knickerbocker's History of New 

 York," "Geoffrey Crayon's Sketch Book," "The Life of 

 Columbus," "The Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada," 

 and lives of "Mahomet" and "Washington." Died, 

 1859. 



Isabella of Castile, born in 1451 ; daughter of John 

 II.; was married to Ferdinand of Aragon in 1469, and, 

 in 1474, succeeded her brother, Henry IV., on the throne 

 of Castile. Isabella promoted the expedition of Colum- 

 bus. She was a wise and humane ruler, but her relig- 

 ious zeal led her to consent to the establishment of the 

 Inquisition. Died, 1504. 



Isaiah was one of the most eminent of the Hebrew 

 prophets. He was the son of Amoz, but of his personal 



