450 



THE STANDARD DICTIONARY OF FACTS 



Jefferson, Thomas, third President of the United 

 States, was born in Virginia, 1743, and, after graduating 

 at William and Mary College, was admitted to the bar in 

 1767. He practiced law with signal success, and in 17t>!t, 

 became a member of the Virginia House of Burr. 

 and in 1773, a delegate to the first Continental Congress, 

 where he assisted in framing the celebrated "Summary 

 View of the Rights of British America." In 177.~>, lie 

 took his seat in the Continental Congress, and with a 

 commanding voice in its deliberations, so, that in the 

 year following he was appointed chairman of the com- 

 mittee which drew UD the Declaration of Independence. 

 In 1779, he succeeded Patrick Henry in the governorship 

 of Virginia. In 17S3, he acted as chairman of the com- 

 mittee charged with the report to Congress of the treaty 

 of peace entered into at Paris. 17s;-!, and, two years later, 

 succeeded Franklin as minister at Paris. On his return, 

 in 17S9, he entered General Washington's first cabinet 

 as secretary of state. In this position he gradually 

 came to be considered the head of the Democratic party. 

 In 1793, he resigned office, and four years afterwards 

 became Vice-President of the United States, and <-.<- 

 ojficio president of the Senate. In 1801, he was elected 

 to the presidency, which office he filled with high 

 credit till 1809, when he retired into private life. Died, 



Jehoiachin (je-hoi'ah-kln).n kimr of .Judah; succeeded 

 his father Jehoiakim, 598 B. C., and was carried a pus- 

 oner to Babylon by Nebuchadnezzar 606 B. C. (2 

 Chron. xxxvi, 8-10.) 



Jehoiakim (je-hoi'ah-klm), a king of Judah, succeeded 

 his father Josiah, 609 B. C. During his reign, Jerusalem 

 was plundered by Nebuchadnezzar. Died, 598 B. C. 



Jehoram, or Jo ram, King of Judah; succeeded his 

 father Jehoshaphat, 892 B. C.; died, 885 B. C. Also a 

 king of Israel, son of Ahab, succeeded his brother Aha- 

 ziah, B. C. 896; died, 884 B. C. 



Jehoshaphat, Kingof Judah, succeeded his father Asa 

 at the age of 35, 914 B. C., and reigned' with wisdom. 

 Died, 890. 



Jehu, King of Israel, was an officer in the army of 

 Jehoram, whom he killed. He reigned twenty-eight 

 years, 884-856 B. C. (2 Kings ix, x.) 



Jelliffe, Smith Ely, physician; born in New York, 

 October 27, LS66; graduate of Brooklyn Polytechnic, 

 1886; medical department of Columbia University, 

 1889, A. M., Ph. D., Columbia, 1900. Began practice, 

 1889; interne St. Mary's Hospital, Brooklyn; spent one 

 year in Europe; since January. 1895, practicing in New 

 York; professor of pharmacognosy and instructor in 

 pharmacology and therapeutics, Columbia. Author: 

 "Essentials of Vegetable Pharmacognosy," (with Dr. 

 H. H. Rusby), "Morphology and Histology of Plants" 

 (with same), also "Nervous Diseases" in Butler's Di- 

 agnostics, "Outlines of Pharmacognosy." Reviser 

 " May's Physiology," "-Butler's Materia Medica," "Shaw | 

 on Nervous Diseases." Editor and translator: "Dubois' 

 Psychoneuroses" ; co-editor, "Ency. Americana," 

 "Scientific American," 1904; editor "Reissig," "Haus 

 Arzt," "Medical News," New York, since 1900; maga- 

 zine editor "Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease," 

 since 1902; also contributor to medical, botanical, and 

 pharmaceutical press. 



Jenks, Jeremiah Whipplc, professor of political 

 economy and politics, Cornell, .since 1891; born in St. 

 Clair, Michigan, September 2, 1.S56; graduated from 

 University of Michigan, 1878, A. M., 1879, LL. D., 1U03; 

 Ph. D., University of Halle, 1885; studied law; ad- 

 mitted to Michigan bar; taught Greek, Latin, and Ger- 

 man, Mt. Morris College; professor of political science 

 and English literature, Knox College, 1886-X9; professor 

 of political economy and social science, Indiana Univer- 

 sity, 1889-91; expert agent of United States Industrial 

 Commission on Investigation of Trusts and Industrial 

 Combinations in the United States and Europe, 1899- 

 1901, and consulting expert of United States Department 

 of Labor on same subject. Special commissioner of 

 War Department, United States, to investigate questions 

 of currency, labor, internal taxation and police in the 

 Orient, 1901-02. Author: " Henry C. Carey als Nation- 

 alokonom, Jena," "The Trust Problem." "Vol. VIII. 

 Report of Industrial Commission of Industrial Combi- 

 nations in Europe," "Report on Certain Kconomic 

 Questions in the English and Dutch Colonies in the 

 Orient." Editor and part author: (Reports Tinted 

 States Industrial Commission) "Trusts and Industrial 

 Combinations," Vol. I., 1900, Vol. XIII. Compiler: 

 "Statutes and Digested Decisions of Federal, State, and 

 Territorial Law Relating to Trusts and Industrial Com- 

 binations." Part author and compiler of "Reports of 

 Commission on International Exchange." Frequent 

 contributor to periodical literature on economic and 

 political questions. Special expert on currency reform 



of government of Mexico, 1903; member of United 

 States Commission on International Exchange in special 

 charge of reform of currency in China. 



.lenner. Kdward. born in 171!), studied at Prague, 

 Pans, and Oxford, where he adopted the views of WyclitTe. 

 On his return to Bohemia he became an ardent supporter 

 of Huss. He followed him to the Council of Constance, 

 but was imprisoned and induced to recant. He after- 

 wards maintained his views boldly at the stake. Died, 



Jeremi'ah, in Scripture one of the greatest of the 

 Hebrew prophets, and author of the book which bears 

 Ins name, and of "Lamentations." He flourished in 

 the Sixth Century, B. C. 



Jeroboam, two kings of Israel bore this name, viz., 

 one who was elected, ( .7.~> B. C., by the ten tribes who had 

 rebelled against Rehoboam. Died, 954. The other, a son 

 of Joash, a-eended the throne about 825 B. C., and filled 

 it for forty-one years. Died, 784 B. C. 



Jerome, or Hieronymus, St., born circa 346, in 

 Stridon, in Dalmatia, of Christian parents, studied at 

 Rome under Donatus; after traveling in Gaul and else- 

 where, adopted a studious and ascetic life, spending four 

 years in the desert of Chalcis, in .Syria; was ordained 

 presbyter in 378; visited Constantinople, where he be- 

 came the friend and pupil of Gregory Nazianzen; re- 

 turning to Rome, became secretary to Pope Damasus, 

 but after his death (384), withdrew to the Holy Land, 

 accompanied by Paula, Ifiustochium, and other Roman 

 ladies devoted to the ascetic life. For the remainder 

 of his days he presided over a monastery established by 

 Paula at Bethlehem. Here he completed his translation 

 of the Bible from Hebrew into Latin, known as the 

 Vulgate. lie wrote numerous commentaries on the 

 Old and New Testaments, and was engaged in contro- 

 versies with Rufinus, the Pelagians, and others. Died 

 in 420. 



Jerome, William Travers, lawyer; born in New 

 York, April 18, 1859; educated at Williston Seminary 

 and Amherst College (honorary A. M.); graduated from 

 Columbia Law School, 1884; admitted to bar, 1884; 

 justice of special sessions, 1895-1902; district attorney 

 New York County, elected 1901 ; Democrat. Reflected 

 as independent candidate, 1905. Author: ".Liquor 

 Tax Law in New York." 



Jesus Christ (lesous, the Greek form of Joshua or 

 Jeshua, contracted from Jehoshua, meaning, help of 

 Jehovah, or saviour; Christos, anointed), the Son of God, 

 the Saviour of men, whose birth, life, and death were 

 predicted by prophets, and attended with miraculous 

 manifestations of divine power; was born of the Virgin 

 Mary, of the tribe of Judah, who was betrothed to Joseph, 

 the descendant and heir of the house of David. Two 

 genealogies of Joseph are given one by Matthew, 

 chapter one; the other by Luke, chapter four. The 

 former is supposed to contain the list of heirs of the house 

 of David, whether by direct or indirect descent; the 

 other the direct ancestors of Joseph. It was foretold 

 that Christ should be of the seed of Abraham and the 

 son of David. The place of His birth was Bethlehem; 

 the time, according to the received chronology, was in 

 the year of Rome, 75-t. Scholars are now almost unani- 

 mously agreed that this date is too late, and it is generally 

 placed about four years earlier. The coming of a fore- 

 runner to the Saviour, John the Baptist, in the spirit 

 and power of Elias, was foretold by an angel (Luke i: 17). 

 The angel Gabriel announced to Mary that the power 

 of the Highest should overshadow her, ami that, she 

 should bear a son who should rule over the house of 

 Jacob forever; and on the night, of His birth an angel 

 appeared to some shepherds, and announced the coming 

 of a Saviour. On the eighth day He was circumcized 

 according to the law of Moses, and on the fortieth was 



presented in the temple, where the aged Simeon pro- 

 nounced Him to be the light of nations and (he glory 

 of Israel. Herod ordered (he extirpation of all children 



of Bethlehem and its vicinity of the age of less than two 

 years, for the purpose of effecting the death of Jesus. 

 But Joseph, being miraculously warned of the danger, 

 fled to Egypt with the virgin and her child, and on his 

 return, after the death of Herod, went to reside at Naza- 

 reth in Galilee, whence Jesus is called a Nazarene. We 

 have no further accounts of the earlier years of Jesus, 

 except the remarkable scene in the temple when He 

 was 12 years old, and the general observation of Luke, 

 that He remained in Nazareth with His parents and 

 served them. At the age of about 30 (Luke iii: '2'.',), He 

 was baptized by John in the River Jordan, the Spirit 

 of God descending upon Him like a dove, and a voice 

 from heaven proclaiming, "Thou art my beloved Son; 

 in thee I am well pleased." Previously, however, to 

 entering on His office of divine teacher He retired to a 



