BIOGRAPHY 



457 



in 1707 produced "LeDiable Boitcux," and soon after- 

 wards a comedy called "Turcaret." ".Gil bias" was 

 published in three parts. Died. 1747. 



I ps, Ferdinand, Vlcomte do, born in 1805; 

 after holding various consular posts, went to Madrid as 

 ambassador in 1848. While in Kitypt. in 1854. he pro- 

 posed the scheme of the Suez canal to Said Pasha, and. 

 a company having been formed, the canal was begun in 

 18o9, and completed in 1869. He was also author of 

 the Panama canal scheme. Died, 1894. 



I. ing, Gotthold Kphralm. born in Kamenz. 

 Lusatia, in 1729; educated at the Meissen Fiirstenschule 

 MM the university of Leipzig; between 1749 and 1760 ! 

 hv.-.l chiefly in Berlin, where Mendelssohn and Nicolai ! 



his literary associates; was secretary to General 

 Tauentxien, governor of Silesia. 1760-65; in 1770 be- 

 came librarian to the Duke of Brunswick at WolfenbQttel. 

 By publishing Keimarus's " WolfenbUttle Fragments," 

 of which he was supposed to be the author, he incurred , 

 the hostility of the Church. His chief works are "Lao- 

 koon," a treatise on art, and the following dramas: 

 ''Miss Sarah Sampson," a tragedy, "Minna von Barn- 

 helm." a comedy, "Emilia Galotti," a tragedy, and 

 11 Nathan <ler \\Vise." Died. 1781. 



1. if her, Franz (le'ber), born in Berlin, 1800; after 

 nnir imprisonment for bis political opinions, came 

 to America (1827), and was made professor of history 

 in Columbia College. South Carolina. He edited the 

 Encyclopedia Americana" (1829-33), and wrote 

 "Political Ethics" (1838), "Civil Liberty and Self- 

 Government" (1853), "Guerilla Parties" (1862), etc. 

 1 872. 



hi*, Justus (U'big), Baron von, chemist, born 

 in Darmstadt, 1803; studied at Bonn and Erlangen; 

 went to Paris, and attracted the attention of Humboldt 

 by a paper on fulminic acid; was appointed professor 

 at Giessen (1824), where his laboratory became cele- | 

 brated, and afterwards at Munich (1852). Among his 

 chief works are "Organic Chemistry in its Application 

 to Agriculture" (1840), and "Annalen der Chimie," 

 edited in conjunction with Wohler. Died, 1873. 



Lilluokalani, Lydla Kamekeha, ex-queen of 

 Hawaiian Islands; born in Honolulu, H. I., December 2, 

 1838 ; made vice-regent when King Kalakaua left Hawaii, 

 and after his death in San Francisco, was proclaimed : 

 queen, January 29, 1891. Her attempts to abolish the con- j 

 stitution of 1887 and restore absolute monarchy, though 

 abandoned, led to her dethronement, January 30, 1892. \ 

 A i >n> visional government was set up, and although 

 President Cleveland declared in favor of her restoration ! 

 iirone, her efforts in that direction failed. After 

 hT dethronement she came to the United States. 

 Hawaii being annexed to United States, July, 1898, she 

 returned to the islands in August, 1898. 



Lincoln, Abraham, sixteenth President of the 

 United States; born near Hodgensville, Kentucky. Feb- j 

 ruary 12, 1809. His father was a poor farmer, who, in ! 

 removed from Kentucky to Indiana. In the rude 

 I.;".- <>f the backwoods, Lincoln's entire schooling did not 

 exceed one year, and he was employed in the severest 

 agricultural labor. He lived with his family in Spencer 

 Y, Indiana, till 1830, when he removed to Illinois, 

 where, with another man, he performed the feat of 

 splitting 3,000 rails in a day, which gave him the popular 

 sobriquet of "the Raihplitter." In 1834, he was elected 

 Illinois Legislature. At this period, he lived by 

 surveying land, wore patched homespun clothes, and 

 spent his leisure hours in studying law. He was three 

 times reflected to the legislature; was admitted to 

 practice law in 1836; and removed to Springfield, the 

 St at.- -a, .it al. In 1844, he canvassed the State for Mr. 

 Clay, then nominated for president. Mr. Clay was de- 

 feated, but the popularity gained by Lincoln in the 

 canvass secured his own election to Congress in 1846. 

 where he voted against the extension of slavery; and 

 in 1H.VI wa.s ;i reOOgniMd lender m thr newly-formed 

 Republican party. In 1865, he canvassed the State as 

 late for United States senator, against Mr. Doug- 

 lass, but without success. In 1856, he was an active 

 supporter of Mr. Fremont in the presidential canvass, 

 rettUM m the election of Mr. Buchanan. In 

 1860, he was nominated for the presidency by the Chi- 

 cago Convention over Mr. Seward. who expected the 

 nomination. The non-extension of slavery to the Terri- 

 tories, or new States to be formed from them, was the 

 most important principle of his party. There were 



three other cfindiditt4v* Mr. I ),,IIK|:, ,,f HI,,,,,,,,. .North- 

 ern Democrat; Mr. Breckenridge of Kentucky, then 

 vice-president, and afterwards a general of the Confed- 

 erate army. Southern Democrat; and Mr. Bell of Ten- 

 nessee, Native American. With tt, Mr I ., 

 coin received a majority <>f voU>s over any of the other 

 candidates, though a million hort of an absolute major- 



ity; every Southern and one Northern State voted 

 against him. He was installed in the president's chair. 

 March 4, 1861. His election by a sectional vote and on 

 a sectional issue hostile to the South, was followed by 

 the secession of eleven Southern States, and a war for 

 the restoration of the Union. As a military measure, 

 he proclaimed. January 1, 1863, the freedom of all 

 slaves in the rebel States; and was reflected to the 

 presidency in 1864. The war was brought to a close 

 April 2, 1865; and on the 15th of the same month. 

 Lincoln was cut off by the hand of an assassin. He 

 was characterized by a strong sense of duty and great 

 firmness. Died, 1865. 



l.ind, Jenny (Madame Otto Goldschmidt), the Swed- 

 ish nightingale, was born at Stockholm in 1821. Giving 

 evidence of her power of song in childhood, she was put 

 under a master at 9; too soon put to practice in 

 public, her voice at 12 showed signs of contracting, 

 but after four years recovered its full power, when. 

 appearing as Alice in "Robert le Diable," the effect was 

 electric; henceforth her fame was established, and fol- 

 lowed her over the world; in 1844 she made a round of 

 the chief cities of Germany; made her first appearance 

 in London in 1847, and visited New York in 1851, 

 where she married, and then left the stage for good, to 

 appear only now and again at intervals for some chari- 

 table object; She was plain looking, and a woman of 

 great simplicity both in manners and ways of thinking. 

 Died, 1887. 



Linnaeus, or Carl von Linne (lln-ne'u* or lln'na'). 

 was born at Rashult. in the province of Smaland 

 Sweden. May 24. 1707. He was the most eminent 

 naturalist of his day, for many years professor of physic 

 and of botany in the University of Upsala. He was 

 the son of a clergyman, whose real name was Bengtsson. 

 but who, before going into orders, had assumed the 

 name of Linnaeus. He ascribed his love for the study 

 of botany to his father, who was himself attached to 

 the culture of his garden; but this love for the science 

 was greatly developed during his residence, as a student, 

 at the University of Lund, where a physician, who 

 possessed a good library and a museum of natural 

 history, received the young student into his house, and 

 gave him every assistance and encouragement In 1730, 

 having received some further education at the University 

 of Upsala, he became assistant and deputy to Rudbeck. 

 then professor of botany in the university ; and ten 

 years later, having in the meantime traveled through 

 1 Miami. France. England, and other countries, in pur- 

 suit of knowledge, he was himself appointed to the 

 professorship at Upsala, which he held nominally till 

 his death. He was the author of numerous works, of 

 which the most important was "Systema Nature*," 

 which was first printed in 1735 in twelve folio pages, 

 and grew by 1768 into three volumes. In 1757 he was 

 raised to the rank of the nobility, and then took the 

 name of Von Linnd. Although his system of classifica- 

 tion has long been to a large extent superseded, he 

 undoubtedly prepared the way for other discoverers, 

 and he did much to advance the study of natural science. 

 His library and herbarium were purchased for the sum 

 of one thousand pounds by Sir J. 1. Smith, and were by 

 him presented to the l.nm.i-an Society of London, which 

 was instituted in 1788, and incorporated in 1802, for 

 the promotion of the science to which Linnous had 

 devoted his life. Died at Upsala, 1778. 



LlppI, Fra Flllpno (Ifp'pe), Italian painter, born in 

 Florence, 14112; left an orphan, was brought up in a 

 monastery, where his talent for art was developed and 

 encouraged; went to Ancona, was carried off by pirates, 

 but procured his release by his skill in drawing, ana 

 returning to Italy practiced his art in Florence and 

 elsewhere, till one day he eloped with a novice in a 

 nunnery who sat to him for a Madonna, by whom he 

 became the father of a son no less famous than himself; 

 he prosecuted his art ami. I i... \.-ny with seal and success 

 to the last; distinguished by Kuskin as the only n 

 who ever did good painter's work; ha had Botticelli 

 for a pupil. Died, 1469. 



LUst, Frans (Abbe) (lift), one of the most brilliant 

 pianists who ever lived, was born October 22. 1811. 

 He made his first appearance at a concert in his ninth 

 year. He took orders and received the tonnure on 

 April 25, 1865. In 1871 his native country of 

 granted him a P. '.00 a year, and in 1875he 



was named director of the Hungarian Academy of 

 Music. One of his two daughters married Richard 



\N:, K l,er. ' I >,,-l. ISM', 



Livingston, Edward* American lawyer and states- 



