BIOGRAPHY 



459 



psychology. Among his works are "Metaphysik" 

 (1841), "Universal Pathology" (1842). "Logik" (1843). 

 "On the Idea of Beauty" (1846). "Medical Psychology" 

 (1852). " Microcosmus." " Ideas for a History of Nature," 

 and "Humanity" (1856), "System of Philosophy" 

 (1874-84). He died in Berlin. July 1, 1881. 



Louis IX. was born in 1215 and succeeded his father. I 

 Louis VIII., in 1226, under the regency of his mother. 

 Blanche of Castile. In 1229 the Albigensian crusade | 

 was brought to a close, and the county of Toulouse was 

 incorporated with the French kingdom. Henry III. of 

 Kn^land made some unsuccessful attempts to recover 

 his lost provinces, and in 1250 yielded them to Louis. 

 In 1248 Louis embarked on a crusade, wasted much 

 time in Egypt (1248-50). where he was taken prisoner. 

 ami returned from Palestine in 1254 without having 



d anything. He undertook another crusade in 

 1_'7<>. but died whilst besieging Tunis. He was canon- 



D 1_'<)7. Died. 1270. 



Louis XII., son of Charles, Duke of Orleans, was 

 born in 1462, and succeeded Charles VIII. in 1498. He 

 hu<i claim to the kingdom of Naples and the duchy of 

 Milan. In 1499 he invaded Italy, and gained possession 

 of Milan. With the assistance of Ferdinand of Aragon. 

 he conquered Naples in 1500, but, having quarreled 

 with his ally, was expelled in 1503. In 1508 he united 

 with Ferdinand. Pope Julius II., and the Emperor, in 



League of Cambrai against the Venetians. In 1511 

 Ferdinand joined Julius in the Holy League against the 

 French, who were finally driven out of Italy by means 

 of the Swiss in 1513. In the same year Henry VIII. 

 invaded France, and was successful at Guinegate. In 

 1499 Louis married Anne, Duchess of Brittany, widow 

 of Charles VIII. By his good government he earned 

 the title of "Father of his People." Died. 1515. 



l.oui> XIV. was bom 1638. and succeeded his father, 

 Louis XIII., in 1643. His mother, Anne of Austria. 

 was nominally regent, but the government was carried 

 on by Cardinal Mazarin. France was then engaged in 

 the Thirty Years' War, in which Truenne and Cond 

 1 many successes. Peace was made in Germany 

 by the Treaty of Westphalia (1648), but the war with 

 Spain continued till 1659, when Louis married Maria 

 Theresa, daughter of Philip IV. The unpopularity of 

 Mazarin's government occasioned the rising of the Fron- 

 deurs (1648-53). After his death (1661) Louis conducted 

 vtTnment himself, following in financial matters 

 the advice of his minister, Colbert. In 1665, he invaded 



Netherlands, in violation of his agreement with 

 Spain. In consequence of his attack on Holland (1672), 

 an alliance against him was formed between Spain, the 

 Emperor, and the Elector of Brandenburg, and a war 



d, which was terminated by the Treaty of Nime- 



Kuen (1678). The Edict of Nantes was revoked in 1685. 



.r war, undertaken to check the growing power of 



France, was concluded by the Peace of Ryswick (1697). 



I n 1 700 began the war of the Spanish Succession between 



.val claimants, Philip. Duke of Anjou, Louis' grand- 

 son, and the Archduke Charles of Austria, who was 

 supported by England and the Emperor. Died, 1715. 

 Louis XV. "le Bien-Airne 1 ," was born 1710, and 



eded his great-grandfather. Louis XIV.. in 1715. 

 under the regency of Philip, Duke of Orleans, a nephew 

 of I^ewis XI V. Fleury became chief minister in 17J.">. 

 The King's attempt to enforce the claim of his father- 

 in-law. Staninlas, to the throne of Poland, led to a war 

 with the KmiNTor (1733-38). France was next engaged 

 in the war of the Austrian Succession. Louis supporting 



urn f Charles, Elector of Bavaria (1741-48). 

 U.K the Seven Years' War (1756-63) France waa de- 

 prived by England of moat of her colonial possessions. 

 Died, 1771 



Ixnils \VI. was born in 1754. and succeeded his 

 fath. V., in 1774. In 1770 he had married 



Marie Antoinette, daughter of Maria Theresa of Austria. 

 The finances were in complete disorder, and Ixmis waa 



lortunate in his choice of minister*. Turgot and 

 Necker were in turn 



;>able Calonne (1783-87) and I <> m . ,n<- d,- Brienne 



7-88). Necker was recalled, and ad vised the 



IK of the States-General (May. 1789), who were 

 reconstituted as the National Assembly. The dismissal 



--cker was followed by the taking of the Bastile 



i :i October a mob of armed women from 



Paris made an attack on the palace of Versailles, after 



. the kuiK an. I queen were forcibly removed to 



In 1780 the States-General of the kingdom were 



oked at Versailles. This body, which had always 

 been formidable to monarchical authority, had not been 

 convoked since 1614. Within a few days it was - 

 seded by the National Assembly, which assumed the 

 whole legislative authority; and then becan the revo- 

 lution, which culminated (so far as the king was con- 



cerned) in the insurrection of June, 1792, and in his 

 execution on the scaffold in January of the following 

 year. Died. 1793. 



Louis Philippe I. (-fe-leep r ), born in Paris, 1773, was 

 the eldest son of Louis Philippe. Due d'Orleans, com- 

 monly known as " Philippe Egalit^." While still young 

 he was educated in opinions of advanced political liber- 

 alism, and served in the revolutionary army against the 

 Austrian;?, 1792, under Dumouriex, in whose conspiracy 

 he became involved. After an exile of many years, 

 during which he resided in many countries (the United 

 States among others) and underwent singular vicissi- 

 tudes, this prince shared in the restoration of his house. 

 1814; and. after the fall of the elder Bourbon dynasty 

 in 1830, was popularly elected to the vacant throne. 

 under the title of " King of the French." Louis culti- 

 vated peaceful relations with foreign powers, sought to 

 strengthen his throne by gaining the support of the 

 middle classes, and repressed all the extreme 



e parties by 

 policy. 



what became known as the "Juste-milieu" policy. The 

 extreme democrats hated him. and frequent attempts 

 were made upon his life. The country prospered under 

 his government, but a demand for reform in the electoral 

 system became loud and general, and this being unwisely 

 opposed by the king and his minister Guizot, led to the 

 revolution of February 22, 1848, when Louis Philippe, 

 deserted by all, fled with his queen to England, where he 

 died, 1 850. 



Low, Seth, an American educator; born in Brooklyn, 

 N Y .January 18, 1850; was graduated at Columbia 

 University in 1870; made a member of his father's 

 mercantile firm in 1875; mayor of Brooklyn in 1881- 

 1885; and was elected president of Columbia University 

 in 1890. In 1895, he erected for that institution a grand 

 university library at a cost of $1,175.000. In honor of 

 President Low's generosity and in accord with his desire, 

 the trustees of Columbia founded twelve scholarships in 

 the university for Brooklyn boys and the same number 

 in Barnard College for Brooklyn girls, and also agreed 

 to found eight annual scholarships. In 1899. he was 

 appointed by President McKinley a member of the 

 delegation to represent the United States at the Inter- 

 national Peace Conference at The Hague. Mr. Low 

 was an unsuccessful candidate for mayor of Greater New 

 York in 1897; and was again nominated for the office on 

 a fusion ticket in 1901. He was elected after a hard- 

 fought campaign, and was again candidate on the fusion 

 ticket in the autumn of 1903. and defeated. 



Lowell, James Russell, an American poet, was born 

 in Boston in 1819. He was educated at Harvard Uni- 

 versity. His "Legend of Brittany" appeared in 1844. 

 In 1845, he published a prose work entitled "Con versa 

 tions on Some of the Old Poets." His " Fable for Crit- 

 ics," and "The Biglow Papers," are racy with humor. 

 In 1854, he succeeded Longfellow as professor of modern 

 languages at Harvard; from 



of the "Atlantic Monthly." and from 1863 to 1872, of 

 the " North American Review." He received the degree 

 ..f 1.1.. I>. from the English Univer-itv of Cambridge in 

 1874. Was Minister to Great Britain 1880-85. In I860, 

 he published "Under the Willows, and Other Poems": 

 a n< 1 "The Cathedral." an epic: in 1870, a collection of 

 essays* in 1871. "My Study Windows"; in 1886, "De- 

 m n*r.nv-- i, .litical Essays." He died in 



mocracy ; in 

 Cambridge. 1891. 



Ix>yola. Ignatius de 



was born at Loyola, 



in the Basque Provim -. -. 1 I'M. He was an ecclesiastic 

 of the Roman Catholic Church, the founder of the order 

 of Jesuits, or "the Society of Jesus." He was the son 

 of a Spanish nobleman (Bertram de Loyola), and was 

 early devoted to the profession of arms; but, being 

 wounded at the siege of Pampeluna. in Navarre, in 1521. 

 he devoted his life to the service of the Virgin, made a 

 pilgrimage to and founded the Society of 



Jesus on his return to pan*, in I.VU. The institution 

 of the society was confirmed by a bull of Pop* Paul III.. 

 Septemt i m the following year Loyola 



was appointed the tn-i Gtpjfpl of the order. He was 

 canonised by Pope Gregory XV. in 1622. Died in Rome. 



Lubbo, K. x lr .i,,i m . bom n.1834; entered parliament 

 MaTiberalin 1*70: in IH7I DM .-I ttktbaai M0ftMM*1 

 has represented I ..n.|..n I 



published "I '1 "";.-" 'Ant*, Bees and 



Wan|> -aMire* of Life." etc. 



Lucn-iiu*. I ttui < .mi-. Koman poet of t) 

 Ciniurv 1'. C.i :< I ' Kerum Nfttura, in hexa- 

 meter verse, expounding the epicurean system of phi- 

 losophy. He is said to have been driven mad by a love 

 philtre, administered by hie wife, and to have committed 



I uke, M.. one of the four EvanUt*. was the aseo- 

 >t. Paul in his misaion of evangelising the Gen- 



