462 



THE STANDARD DICTIONARY OF FACTS 



of Westminster, and ten years later was made cardinal. 

 He approved the infallibility dogma of the Vatican 

 Council of 1869, and carried on a controversy with Mr. 

 Gladstone on the subject. He sat on several commis- 

 sions, and took a leading part in bringing to a conclusion 

 the dock strike of 1889. Died in 1892. 



Mansel, Henry Longueville, born in 1820; English 

 philosopher and theologian; one of the strongest oj>- 



Enents of the Broad Church school; was educated at 

 >rchant Taylors and Oxford, where he was succes- 

 sively Waynflete professor of moral philosophy and pro- 

 fessor of ecclesiastical history, and in 1858, delivered 

 the Bampton lectures on "The Limits of Religious 

 Thought." He had previously published an edition of 

 Aldrich's "Logic," and several works on metaphysics. 

 His appointment to the deanery of St. Paul's, in 1869, 

 was strongly opposed. Died. 1871. 



Mansfield. Richard, actor, was born in Heligoland, 

 Germany, in 1857; studied for East Indian civil service, 

 but came to Boston and opened a studio; studied art in 

 England and later entered theatrical profession. Played 

 small parts in comic opera; came to United States again 

 and appeared at Standard Theater, New York, as 

 Dromezin " Les Manteaux Noirs." Was very successful in 

 a wide repertoire from Koko in Mikado to Richard III. 

 Head of nis own company, and has created such parts 

 as Beau Brummel, Baron Chevrial, and the titular roles 

 in " Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde." Appeared as Cyrano de 

 Bergerac in 1899, and has played Shylock, Henry V.. 

 Beaucaire and Brutus in Julius Caesar. Married Beatrice 

 Cameron, his leading woman. Author: " Blown Away," 

 " Monsieur," " Ten Thousand a Year," and " Don 

 Juan." Died, 1907. 



Mansfield, William Murray, Earl of, was born at 

 Perth, March 2. 1704. He was a distinguished judge, 

 from 1756 to 1788 chief justice of the King's Bench. 

 He was remarkable for his accomplishments and for his 

 eloquence, and was styled by Pope "the silver-tongued 

 Murray " ; but his political opinions were not popular, 

 and, in the Gordon riots of 1780, his house in Blooms- 

 bury Square, London, was burnt down by the mob. 

 He was buried in Westminster Abbey. Died, 1793. 



Mantell, Robert Bruce, actor; born in Irvine, 

 Ayrshire, Scotland, February 7, 1854; professional 

 de*but, Rochdale, England, as the Sergeant in "Arrah- 

 na-Pogue," October 21, 1876; came to United States 

 and played juvenile roles with Mme. Modjeska, 1878; 

 returned to England, and for three years supported Miss 

 Wallis (now Mrs. Lancaster) as leading man. Later 

 appeared in New York as Loris Ippanhoff in "Fedora," 

 with Fanny Davenport; afterward became a star, and 

 has been at the head of his own company in classic and 

 romantic plays, including "Hamlet," "Othello," "Rich- 

 ard III., "Macbeth," "Romeo and Juliet," "Riche- 

 lieu," "Lady of Lyons." "Corsican Brothers," "Mon- 

 bars," " Dagger and CqKs," etc. 



Marat, Jean Paul &nah-rah'), a fanatical democrat, 

 born in Neuchatel, 1743. His father was an Italian 

 his mother a Genevese; studied and practiced medicine, 

 came to Paris as horse-leech to Count d'Artois; became 

 infected with the revolutionary fever, and had one fixed 

 idea: "Give me," he said, "two hundred Naples bravoes, 

 armed each with a good dirk, and a muff on his left arm 

 by way of shield, and with them I will traverse France 

 and accomplish the Revolution," that is, by wholesale 

 massacre of the aristocrats; he had more than once to 

 flee for his life, and one time found shelter in the sewers 

 of Paris, contracting thereby a loathsome skin disease; 

 he was assassinated one evening as he sat in his bath, 

 by Charlotte Corday, but his body was buried with 

 honors in the Pantheon by a patriot people, "that of 

 Mirabeau flung out to make room for him." to be some 

 few months after himself cast out with execration. 

 Died, 1793. 



March, Francis Andrew, American philologist; 

 born in Milbury, Mass., in 1825; was made professor of 

 English language and comparative philology at Lafay- 

 ette College, Pennsylvania, in 1857; became president 

 of the American Philological Association in 1873, and 

 took the direction in America of Dr. Murray's "New 

 English Dictionary on Historical Principles," in 1879. 

 His chief works are " Method of Philological Study of 

 the English Language," "Comparative Grammar of 

 Anglo-Saxon," ana "Introduction to Anglo-Saxon." 



Marconi, Guglielmo, LL. D., D. Sc., electrical en- 

 gineer and pioneer of wireless telegraphy, was born in 

 Griffone, near Bologna, in 1874. His father was an 

 Italian, his mother an Irishwoman. He was educated 

 at Leghorn and Bologna Universities. It was at Bo- 

 logna that his system of wireless telegraphy first at- 

 tracted attention. In 1896, he visited England, and, 

 with his invention, sent messages across the Bristol 

 Channel from Penarth, near Cardiff, to Weston-super- 



Mare. He afterwards set up installations of wireless 

 telegraphy between the South Foreland and the East 

 Goodwin light-vessel, the South Foreland and Wime- 

 reux in France, Harwich and Chelmsford. His system 

 was definitely adopted by the Admiralty in 1900. In 

 December, 1901, Mr. Marconi succeeded in communi- 

 cating across the Atlantic Ocean. In 1902, he set up a 

 .-tntum at Glace Bay, Nova Scotia, and in October, 1907, 

 began a public service of wireless telegraphy across the 

 Atlantic. 



Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, a Roman emperor; 

 born in A. D. 121, succeeded Antoninus Piso in 161, 

 and was associated with Lucius Verus in the imperial 

 rule. By his successes over the barbarians beyond the 

 Danube, Marcus acquired the title of "Germanicus." 

 Died in Pannonia, during an expedition to the East, 

 in 180. Marcus was not only one of the wisest and 

 best of the Roman emperors, but one of the noblest 

 and most complete characters of the ancient world. 

 He was one of the most eminent members of the Stoic 

 school, and has left us in his "Meditations" a most 

 precious record of his moral and religious sentiments 

 and opinions. 



Margaret of Austria, born in 1480; daughter of 

 the Emperor Maximilian and Mary of Burgundy; mar- 

 ried first John of Castile, and secondly Philibert of 

 Savoy; was made governor of the Low Countries in 

 1507, and negotiated both the League of Cambrai (1508) 

 and the "Paix des Dames" (1529). Died, 1530. 



Margaret of Denmark, born in 1353; succeeded 

 her father, Waldemal 1 III., became queen also of Norway 

 on the death of her husband, Haco VIII., but was soon 

 expelled; recovered Norway in 1387, and, having de- 

 feated Albert of Mecklenburg in 1389, united the three 

 Scandinavian kingdoms by the union of Colmar in 1397. 

 Died, 1412. 



Margaret of Valois, born in 1492; sister of Francis 

 I. and grandmother of Henri IV.; married first the Due 

 d'Alencon, and secondly Henri d'Albret, titular King of 

 Navajre; supported the Reformation, and wrote "Miroir 

 de 1'Ame Pe"cheresse," and "Contes et Nouvelles" (the 

 "Heptameron"). Died, 1549. 



Maria Theresa, born in 1717; Queen of Hungary, 

 and daughter of the Emperor Charles VI.; married 

 Francis of Lorraine in 1735, and was supported by Eng- 

 land against the Elector of Bavaria, who claimed the 

 empire, and was supported by France; carried on the 

 Seven Years' War, with the help of France, against 

 Prussia, who had obtained part of Silesia ; took part, 

 against her will, in the first partition of Poland. Died, 

 1780. 



Marie Antoinette, born in 1755; Queen of France, 

 daughter of the Empress Maria Theresa; married Louis 

 XVI. when dauphin, becoming queen four years later; 

 was much calumniated, and became unpopular with the 

 court and people as a foreigner; fled with the king to 

 Varennes in June, 1791, and a year after was imprisoned 

 with him, being finally tried and guillotined in October, 

 1793. 



Marie de' Medici, born in 1573; Queen of France, 

 daughter of Francis of Tuscany; married Henri IV. in 

 1600, and became mother of Louis XIII., during whose 

 minority she was regent, but was overthrown by Riche- 

 lieu after a long contest, and left France in 1630. Died, 

 1642. 



Mark, the Evangelist. "John, whose surname was 

 Mark," was the son of Mary, a woman of piety who 

 lived in Jerusalem, where the disciples occasionally 

 assembled at her house for prayer, and was sister to 

 Barnabas. He is also called Marcus. He accompanied 

 the Apostle Paul and Barnabas to Antioch, Cyprus, and 

 Perga in Pamphylia, returned to Jerusalem, and went 

 afterwards to Cyprus, and thence to Rome. Eccle- 

 siastical tradition speaks of a missionary expedition of 

 Mark to Egypt and the west of Africa, of his suffering 

 martyrdom about the year 62 or 66 (the Coptic Church 

 still consider him their founder and first bishop), and 

 of the transmission of his corpse to Venice, which city 

 has chosen him for its patron saint. It is said that he 

 wrote at Rome the gospel which bears his name. 



Mark Antony, or Marcus Antonius, an eminent 

 Roman, was born about 83 B. C. He was one of the 

 most active partisans of Julius Csesar down to the death 

 of the latter. After the death of Cansar, he endeavored 

 to succeed to power, but was defeated by Octavianus, 

 ' the great-nephew of the dictator, and was obliged to 

 cross the Alps. He afterwards became reconciled to 

 Octavianus; and Antony, Octavianus, and Lepidus 

 divided the government between them under the title 

 of Triumvirs. Cicero, who had attacked Antony in his 

 Philippic orations, now fell a victim to Antony. Antony 

 afterwards went to Asia, which he had received as his 



