BIOGRAPHY 



463 



share of the Roman world, and there the greater part of 

 his remaining life was spent. There he became capti- 

 vated by the charms of Cleopatra, and assumed the j 

 pomp and ceremony of an Eastern despot. After the 

 sea-fight off Actium (September 2, 31). he fled with 

 Cleopatra to Alexandria, and put an end to his life in 

 the following year, when Octavianus (Augustus) ap- 

 peared before the city. Died. 30 B. C. 



Marl borough, John Churchill, first Duke of; born 

 in 1650; soldier and diplomatist; obtained a commis- 

 sion through the influence of his sister with the Duke 

 of York, and first served under Turenne; deserted 

 James II. at the Revolution, but. though created earl 

 and commander-in-chief by William III., intrigued with 

 his former master; after a period of disgrace, went to 

 i I ague to organize the G rand Alliance ; was appointed I 

 captain-general and duke under Anne, and won the 

 3 of Blenheim (1704), Ramillies (1706), Ouden- 

 arde (1708), and Malplaquet (1709), but was recalled 

 in 1710. and dismissed on a charge of peculation. He 

 was restored by George I. in 1714, but never fully trusted. 

 . -.,.) 



\\e, Julia, actress; born in England, in village 

 of C'aldbe.-k, Cumberlandshire, August 17, 1870: came, 

 at age of 5, to United States with parents; lived in 



two years: moved to Ohio, locating finally in 

 Cincinnati; attended public schools until 12th year; 

 iied juvenile opera company, which gave "Pina- 

 fore." "Chimes of Normandy, and other light operas. 

 Was christened Sarah Frances Frost, but in the juvenile 

 y was called Frances B rough (the latter a family 

 later played a child's part in " Rip Van Winkle, ' 

 and. the next season, played small parts in a company 

 which gave classic dramas in the West; retired from 

 stage and studied three years in New York; made 

 metropolitan de"but as Parthenia in "Ingomar"; since 

 November. 1888, has starred in Shakesperean and other 

 tragic and romantic roles in United States; married 

 Robert Taber, who had been leading man in her corn- 

 but afterward secured legal separation. 

 Mar-ball. John, an eminent American jurist, was 

 born in Fau<juier County, Va.. in 1755. He served in 

 .several battles of the Revolution, afterwards entered 

 upon the study and practice of the law, and, in 1788, 

 became a member of the convention of his native State, 

 where he took an active part in promoting the settle- 

 ment of its constitution, and supported the Federalist 

 In 1797, he was a colleague of Mr. Gerry and 

 General Pinckney on a special mission to the French 

 rv; in 1799. entered Congress, and there highly 

 lished himself. In the following year he entered 

 ,e, duties of secretary of state, and, in 1801, was 

 appointed to the chief-justiceship of the Supreme Court 

 of the United States, a position he filled with high honor 

 to himself and his decisions during the long period of 

 thirty-four years. Marshall was a statesman of the 

 first order. Died, 1835. 



Martini-ail. Harriet, born in 1802; English writer 



of Huguenot de-rent, daughter of a Norwich surgeon; 



tea the United States in 1834, and the East in 1846, 



publishing descriptive works on her return; wrote 



Deerbrook." "The Hour and the Man." and other 



novels, and many tales for children, ami was also author 



of a condensation of Comte. and 'History of England 



During the Thirty Years' Peace." Died. 1876. 



Martlneau, James, born in iso-i; theologian, 



brother of the educated at Norwich and 



:,ester New College, York: after being minister at 



Little Portland Stre.-t [' mtanan Chapel for more than 



.ve years, became principal of Manchester New 

 College, London, m isi'.'.t Hi* chief works are "Essays, 



Philosophy. d and Theological, 1'he I 



* and Religion, " "Types of Ktlucal Theory." "A 

 and "The Seat of Authority in 

 Religion ' 



M ,i\. Karl < Socialist; l>orn in ISIS in 



1,1-1 father was a lawyer; educated at 



l'...nn and I'-.-rl.n. took an active part in the l.ibera 



-inent f.f i iftcr the suppression < 



"Rhenish Ga '<! by hum. he went to Paris 



had to leave it for Brussels on the demand of the 

 Prussian Government. Having been expelled from lid 

 Kiurn. he wo* invited to Pan*, but -oon went t. 



>pted to revive the " Rhenish Gn/' 

 Ib- M* '! in I ondon, where he was engaged n 

 literary work, and took an active part m the Interim 

 Working M.:,-- A - fction Utei .e secession of the 

 ^ection in ls::<. he to,,k httle further part in 

 nffair*. and diel at II 



ef work w:v-< -l-i K . 



I born in l. r >lft. daughter 



of Henrv vill b\ Catherine off Aragon: came to the 

 throne in 1553, after a short struggle with Northumber- 



land; restored the abbey lands taken by Henry VIII. 

 and first-fruits to the papacy; deprived and imprisoned 

 the Protestant bishops, and, having married Philip II. 

 of Spain, persecuted the Protestants, contrary to the 

 promises made before her accession. The end of her 

 reign was marked by a war. in conjunction with Spain, 

 against France, when Calais was lost by England. 

 Died. 1558. 



Mary of Guise, born in 1515; daughter of Claude, 

 Due de Guise; married James V. of Scotland in 1538, 

 and became mother of Mary, Queen of Scots; as regent 

 of Scotland, after her husband's death, opposed the 

 Reformation, till deposed in 1559, by the Lords of the 

 Congregation. Died, 1560. 



Mary. Queen of Scots, or Mary Stuart, was born 

 at Linhthgow, December 8, 1542; a daughter of James 

 f. of Scotland and Mary of Lorraine, daughter of the 

 Duke of Guise; and, on the death of her father, before 

 ihe was a week old, his successor to the throne. She 

 vas educated at the French court, and when 16 

 years of age married the Dauphin of France, who. in 

 559, succeeded his father, Henry II., under the title of 

 ''rancis II. Already, however, instigated by Henry II., 

 "rands and Mary had assumed the arms and title of the 

 ving and Queen of England, on the ground of Elisa- 

 beth's illegitimacy, and this step ultimately proved fatal 

 to Mary. Soon after the death of her husband in 1560, 

 she returned to Scotland, and. five years afterwards 

 (July 29, 1565), married Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley. 

 )n the 9th of March, 1566, Darnley murdered David 

 Rizzio, an Italian (whom he accused of improper rela- 

 tions with Mary), in the Palace of Holyrood: and 

 exactly twelve months afterwards he was himself mur- 

 dered by the Earl of Bothwell, who married Mary after 

 an interval of less than three months. These proceed- 

 ngs, and an attempt on the part of Bothwell to secure 

 the young Prince (afterwards James VI.) who had been 

 born in the previous June, so incensed the nobles that 

 they took up arms against Mary. She was able to lead 

 an army against them, but* it melted away without 

 striking a blow on the field of Carberry, near Edinburgh 

 (June 15, 1567); and nothing was then left to her but to 

 abandon Bothwell, and to surrender herself to the Con- 

 >derated Lords, by whom she was conducted first to 

 Edinburgh, and next to an island castle in Loch Leven, 

 n the county of Kinross. After a year's confinement 

 n this castle, during which she was compelled to sign 

 an act of abdication in favor of her son, she escaped 

 and gathered together her supporters, but was defeated 

 by the Regent Murray at Langside, near Glasgow (May 

 12, 1568), and then crossed the Solway into England, 

 to place herself under the protection of Elizabeth. By 

 Kli/aheth, however, she was treated as a prisoner; was 

 confined successively at Carlisle. Ilolton. Tutbury, Wing- 

 field, Coventry, Chatsworth. Sheffield, BuxUm, Chartley. 

 md Fotheringay Castle in Northamptonshire; and there 

 at last, after nineteen years of suffering and, as was 

 asserted, of constant conspiracy, she was brought to 

 trial on a charge of complicity in a plot against the life 

 of Elizabeth, and was beheaded. She was at first buned 

 in the cathedral at Peterborough; but in 1612 her 

 remains were removed to Westmin- by her 



son (at this time James I. of Kngland\ and Fothenngay 

 Castle was raced by him to the ground. Died. 1587. 



Mather, Cotton, born in 1663: Puritan minister at 

 Boston, where he carried on a witchcraft pen- 

 and wrote " Memorable Providences Relating to 

 craft" and other works. Died. 1728. 



Mather. Increase, father of the preceding: born in 

 ir.:i m Dorchester, Mass., where his father had been 

 pastor; became president of Harvard in 1685. and 

 visited England to obtain a new charter for his colony 

 in ir.H8 He also wrote many works. Died, 1723. 



Matlh.u. one of the twelve apostles of Christ, was 



also called I*vi, and was the son of Alpheus. He 

 appears to have resided at Capernaum, where he was a 

 revenue officer or publican. Of his personal history 



! m the sacred volume. 



Hatthlai Conrlaut, Kmg of Hungary: born in 

 1443; was proclaimed kmg m l:.s. soon after his re- 

 (MM (ton Imprisonment al rYsmi BMOntained the 

 throne against the emperor, and. after haying engaged 



in successful wars wit h t he 



received the 



the pope on cond. .'.muting the 



a revolt took place in 

 ,rtrd y oan ii n. I other power*. 



combination he routed h***&d m two 



wnm vnth the empcn.r. nnd captured Vienna in 145, 



living there till hi death, in 1490. 



;4 rom wSf. 



Hungary, xupjx.rt 

 combination he r 

 wars with the en 

 living their till h. ..... 



" 



i,,,,. und,-, srten i,- -iud:.-d t-.r Mftji peafa, be 



