466 



THE STANDARD DICTIONARY OF FACTS 



was nominated consistorial secretary, and in October 

 succeeded Cardinal Kampolla as secretary of state, 

 being afterwards created a cardinal. 



Metternich. Clemen-. >Yen/el. Prince von. 

 Austrian diplomatist and statesman; horn in Coblentz, 

 1773, after a distinguished diplomatic career, became 

 foreign minister of the empire in ISO*). This high office 

 he held with consummate ability for a period of thirty 



and "The Martyr of Antioch"; his historical works are 

 a "History of the .lews," a "History of Christianity 

 from the Birth of Christ to the Abolition of Paganism in 

 the Koman Empire," anil a " History of Latin Christian- 

 ity, including that of the Popes to the Pontificate of 

 Nicolas V." Died. 1868. 



Allies, Nelson A ppleton, an American military of- 

 ficer; burn in Westminster, Mass., August 8, 1839. At 



years, exercising, almost without control, the hiuhest the breaking out of the Civil War, he \vas engaged in 



authority in Austria. The revolution of 1848 sent him mercantile pursuits in Boston, Mass.; entered the ser- 



':.-. from which he returned thn < BT. vice as first lieutenant of the L'L'd Massachusetts Regi- 



Died. 1859. Prince Metternich was an adro'it intriguer, ment in October, 1861; and distinguished himself at 



: in his day a powerful influence upon the the battles of Fair Oaks, Charles City Cross Roads, and 



cabinets of Europe. 



Me\er, Adolf, pathologist, alienist; born in Nieder- 

 weningen, near Zurich, Switzerland. September 13, 1866; 

 educated at gymnasium, Zurich, University of Zurich, 

 ls'.i_'; 'post-graduate studies in Paris, London, 

 Edinburgh, Zurich. Vienna, and Berlin, 1S90-92; (LL. 

 D., Glasgow, 1901); came to the United States. Septem- 

 ber, 1892. Honorable fellow and later docent in neu- 

 rology, University of Chicago. IMij ;.">; pathologist to 

 Illinois Eastern Hospital for the Insane, Kankakee, 111., 

 1893-95; pathologist and later director of clinical and 

 laboratory work, Wore. .) Insane Hospital, 



and docent in psychiatry, Clark University, 1895-1902; 

 Pathology (psychiatric) Institute, New York 

 QO8 l l .i<>_. Professor psychatry, Cor- 

 nell University Medical College. Extensive contributor 

 to neurology, pathology and psychiatry, etc. 



Me\er, (ieorge von I.eiigerke, United States post- 

 -eneral; born in Boston, June 24, 1858; gradu- 

 ated at Harvard*, 1879; has since been engaged in bus- 

 iness as merchant and trustee. Member of Boston 

 common council, 1889-90; member of board of aldermen, 

 1891; member of Massachusetts Legislature, 1892-96, 

 and speaker of house, 189496; chairman of Massachu- 

 setts Paris Exposition Managers; elected member of 

 Republican National Committee, 1899. Director of 

 Amoskeag Manufacturing Company, the Armory Com- 

 pany. Old Colony Trust Company, National Bank 9f 

 Commerce; the Electric Corporation, United Electric 

 Security Company, Walter Baker Company; president 

 of Ames Plow Company. United States ambassador to 

 Italy, 1900-05. Ambassador to Russia, 1905-07; 

 postmaster-general since 1907. 



Michael-Angelo BuonarottI (Hn'je-lo boo-o-nah- 

 rdt'te), one of the greatest of Italian artists painter, 

 sculptor, architect was born of noble family in Tus- 

 cany, 1474. He studied art under Ghirlandaio, and 

 early acquired the favor and patronage of Lorenzo "the 

 Magnificent." In 1505, he repaired to Rome at the 

 invitation of Pope Julius II., and there designed the 

 world-famous cathedral church of St. Peter's, and 

 decorated with frescoes the ceiling and walls of the 

 Sistine Chapel in the Vatican. Under Clement VII., 

 Michael-Angelo rebuilt the library and chapel of San 

 Lorenzo, Florence, and in 1529 helped to fortify and 

 shared in the' defense of that city against a papal army. 

 In 1. ">}<>, he was appointed architect for the completion 

 of St. Peter's, Rome, begun in 1506, and erected the 

 Farnese palace and others of the architectural glories 

 of the Holy City. Died, 1563. As a painter, Michael- 

 Angelo's fame rests chiefly upon his "Last Judgment," 

 a fresco in the Sistine Chapel, which contains about 300 

 figures, and occupied the artist eight years. As a 

 sculptor, his masterpiece is commonly deemed to be the 

 statue of "Moses" in the church of San Pietro in Vinculo. mediate cause of his loss of sight. He wa 



.Michael VIII. ' Pala ologus), born in 1224, having foreign secretary to the Council of State i 

 been crowned Emperor at Nicsna with John Lascaris, some years after became blind. "The Alle 

 regained Constantinople from the Latins in 1261, and 

 ordered his colleague to be blinded, for which he was 

 excommunicated and did public penance; attempted to 

 unite the Eastern and Western Churches at the Council 

 of Lyon (1274), and subsequently defeated a French 

 invasion. Died, 1282. 



3Iiche'let, Jules, born in Paris, August 21, 1798; 

 a popular French historian, for many years professor of 

 history in the College of France. In 1843-46, he became 

 widely known, not only in his own country, but also in 

 England, by his attacks upon the Jesuits in his three 

 works: "The Jesuits," "Priests, Women, and Families"; 

 and "The People." He was the writer of many other 

 works, several of them of. considerable interest; but 

 those of most permanent value are his "History of 

 France," his "History of the French Revolution," and 

 his "History of the Nineteenth Century." Died, Feb- 

 ruary 9, 1874. 



3Iil'man, Henry Hart, born in London A. D., 1791; 

 an ecclesiastical historian and poet, for several years 

 professor of poetry in the University of Oxford, and 

 from 1849 to his death Dean of St. Paul's Cathedral. 

 His best known poems are "The Fall of Jerusalem," 



Malvern 



In September, l.S(i2, he was commis- 



sioned colonel of the 61st New York regiment, which 

 he led at r'redericksburg and Chancellorsville, where he 

 was .severely wounded. lie commanded the first bri- 

 gade, first division, second army corps, in the Richmond 

 campaign, and was promoted brigadier-general. May ll', 

 1864; and breyetted major-general for gallantry at 

 Ream's Station in December, 1864. At the close of the 

 war he was commissioned colonel of the 40th United 

 States Infantry. He was promoted brigadier-general 

 in December, 1880; major-general in April. 1S<.)0; and 

 succeeded Lieutenant-General John M. Schofield as com- 

 mander of the army in 1895. He took a prominent part 

 in the wars with the Indians in 1874, and thereafter. 

 On July 13, 1898, he went to the front and assumed per- 

 sonal command of the army around Santiago, Cuba; and 

 after the surrender of the Spanish Army commanded (ho 

 expedition which left Guantanamo Bay, July 1'lst, landed 

 at (iuanica, Porto Rico, July 25th, and was marching on 

 San Juan, the capital, when the armistice stopped hostile 

 operations. On the reorganization of the army in 1901, 

 the grade of lieutenant-general was revived and he was 

 promoted to it. In December, 1901, he publicly ex- 

 pressed satisfaction with Admiral Dewey's report on 

 Rear-Admiral Schley and was reprimanded therefor. 

 He was retired upon reaching the age limit, August, 

 1903. 



31111, James* a British historian and political econo- 

 mist, was born in Montrose in 1773. He has written 

 much that is of standard value; as witness his "History 

 of British India" (five volumes); the "Liberty of the 

 Press," the "Law of Nations," "Elements of Political 

 Economy," and "Analysis of the Phenomena of the 

 Human Mind." Died in London in 1836. His son, 

 John Stuart M., born in London in 1806, established 

 his reputation, in 1843, by the publication of "A System 

 of Logic," " Ratiocinative and Inductive," a work the 

 success of which paved the way for "The Principles of 

 Political Economy, with some of their Applications to 

 Social Philosophy." His later works are an "Essay on 

 Liberty," "An Examination of Sir William Hamilton's 

 Philosophy, "and the "Subjection of Women," in which 

 he avows himself a partisan of what has been popularly 

 termed the "Woman's Rights Movement." Died 

 1873. 



.Milton. John, born in 1608; English poet; son of a 

 London scrivener of some culture, who sent him to St. 

 Paul's school and Cambridge (Christ's College), after 

 leaving which he lived with his father in Buckingham- 

 shire, and then traveled in France and Italy. In Hi 11 

 he published " Areopagitica," a speech for the liberty of 

 unlicensed printing, among his other prose works being 

 "Eikonoklastes " and "Defensio pro Populo Anglicano" 

 (in answer to Salmasius), this last work being the im- 



was appointed 

 in 164'.), and 



some years alter became blind. "The Allegro," "Pen- 

 seroso," "Comus," "Lycidas," etc., were written in his 

 early days, and his greatest work, "Paradise Lost," was 



giblished in 1667, and "Paradise Regained" in 1671. 

 e was married three times. Died, 1674. 



3Iitchell, John, labor leader, was born at Braid- 

 wood, 111., February 4, 1870; received common school 

 education, read law one year, and made special study of 

 economic questions; began work in coal mines, 1882, 

 and has since, as worker or labor leader, been identified 

 with mines and mining; his official connection with the 

 United Mine Workers of America began in 1895, and 

 from 1899 to 1908 he served as president of that organi- 

 zation. He is the author of a book, " Organized Labor, 

 Its Problems, Purposes, and Ideals." 



Modjeska, Helena (Mme. Chlapowski), actress; 

 born in Cracow, Poland, October 12, 1844; ddbut, 

 Bochnia, Poland, 1861; soon became leading actress in 

 her native country; married in 1688, Charles Bozenta 

 Chlapowski, compatriot. First appearance in English, 

 San Francisco, 1877, in Adrienne Lecouvreur, followed 

 by a starring tour through United States. Returned 

 here after two London engagements and played leading 

 Shakesperean parts, "Camille," "Mary Stuart," etc. 



