BIOGRAPHY 



467 



, , 



He began to write plays in 1653, and took part 

 himself, first performing before Louis XIN. in 



Mohammed, was in his youth employed as a camel- 

 driver between Mecca and Damascus by his uncle, who 

 had adopted him, but at the age of twenty-ight married 

 Kadichah. a rich widow. He now led a life of medita- 

 tion, during which the Koran was drawn up. When at 

 the age of 40 he claimed to be a prophet, he was opposed 

 by his family, and in 622 left Mecca for Medina (the 

 Hegira). Here his followers increased, and were incited 

 by him against the Arabian Jews. Mecca was stormed, 

 and in time all Arabia and Syria conquered, but the 

 prophet died (632) soon after at Medina, perhaps from 

 poisoned food. 



Moliere. .Iran Raptiste (Poquelin). born in 1622; 

 dramatist: was educated by the Jesuits, and studied 

 law, hut about 1645, changed his name, and became an 

 a.-tor. He be 

 in them 



1658. In 1673, while playing Argan in " Le Malade 

 Imaginaire," he was seized with convulsions, and died 

 soon after (1672). It was only by the intervention of 

 the king that the Church allowed him burial. His chief 

 plays were "L'Elourdi." "L'Ecole des Femmes." " Le 

 Misanthrope," "Le Mctlecin MalgrtS Lui," "Tartuffe," 

 "I.e Bourgeois Gentilhomme." 



Moltke (m-'lt'ka), von, Hclmuth Karl Bernard, 

 Count, chief marshal of the German Empire; was born 

 in Parchim, in Mecklenburg, in 1800. He entered the 

 Prussian service in 1822, as a lieutenant in the eighth 

 infantry regiment. In 1835, he undertook a tour in 

 Turkey, remained there several years, and took part in 

 the campaign of the Turks in Syria, against the viceroy 

 of Egypt. He became a lieutenant-general in 1859. and 

 i the plans of the campaigns against Denmark, 

 1864. and Austria. 1866. He was the commander-in- 

 chief in the recent Franco-German War, 1870-71, and 

 to his brilliant strategy are ascribed the splendid victories 

 of the German arms. The illustrious marshal, who is 

 generally regarded as the first strategist of the day, was 

 created a count in 1870. and chief marshal of the Ger- 

 ! mpirein 1871. Died. 1891. 



.Monk. (iconic. Duke of Albemarle, an English 

 general; born in County Devon in 1608; after a brief 

 service in Holland, fought at first on the side of Charles I. 

 during the civil war; then, changing his coat, he com- 

 manded a republican army in Ireland, 1646-50, and in 

 If).".! reducea Scotland into submission to Cromwell. 

 In 1653, he commanded in the sea-fight in which the 

 Dutch were defeated, and their admiral, Van Tromp, 

 killed. After the death of the Protector, 1658, Monk 

 proclaimed his son, Richard Cromwell, his successor, 

 and himself retained command of the army in Scotland. 

 With that, army, he, in 1660, marched upon London, and 

 declared for the restoration of Charles II., which con- 

 summation he succeeded in bringing about. After gain- 

 ing a great victory at sea over the Dutch in 1666, Monk 

 lied in 1670. 



M .ntalune, Michel Kyquem do, born in 1 :>::::; 

 French writer; was educated at the College de Guienne 

 at Bordeaux, partly under George Buchanan, and be- 

 came a judge of the parlement there in l.V>4. He took 

 no part in affairs, but was driven from his chateau for 

 two years bv the wars of the leamie. during which time 

 he formed his friendship with Marie de Cournay. In 

 1588, he was chosen to negotiate a treat v between ;uise 

 and Navarre at Blois. His "Ktwais." of which Shakes- 

 ! I '..-ti .1 onson possessed translations, were first 

 published in 1580. DiedYlM^ 



Monroe. .1. miex. fifth President of the United States; 

 was born in Westmoreland County, Va.. 17.".S. After 

 graduating at William and Mary ('<!' 

 distinction in the annydurinvj the Warof the (devolution. 



nnd in tigress as a <l.-l< r:i f . 



from hi* native State. In the Virginia convention, I7xs. 

 he opposed the adoption of the Federal Con-titution. 

 and allied himself with the Republican part\ 



- -<:td him a member of tin- Tinted States Senate 

 in 1790. Four years later he pm, 



r-plenipotentiary, from which office he was re- 



:rillK the 'SOU. he filled 



the office of governor of Virginia. In 1.S02, as the an- 

 f I minion, he was dispatched on a special 



in. I. and in (so:,. m Spain, he IH-T 



try. In i M i . 



hip of Virginia, and HI ' 



year became secretary of . r l'r.--,,i.-nt M : ,.h 



son's Administration, v ' 



.! March. ' - 

 the elected (>i-ni". , . , . :.;ite f..r the | >t .- . I. n. -, . 



i was ceded to tl .. 



States. 1819. Reflected in 1 V" <lurn.it his secood term. 



ted States recognize.! the dr fact.. i^rodenee 



of the Spansh- American colonies. In December. 1823. 



he gave utterance in his message to the celebrated prin- 

 ciple touching the foreign policy of the United States, 

 since known as the "Monroe Doctrine." In 1825, Mon- 

 roe retired from the presidential chair, and died in New 

 York. 1831. 



.M on tcalm de Saint Yeran. Louis Joseph, Mar- 

 quis de, born in 1712; French general; was named 

 commander of the French forces in Canada in '756. where 

 he won several victories, and fortified Quebec, but was 

 defeated by Wolfe in 1759. and mortally wounded. 

 Pied. 1759. 



Mon tesquieu, Charles de Secondat, Baron de, 

 born at the Castle of La Brede, near Bordeaux, January 

 18, 1689; an eminent political philosopher of France, 

 best known as the author of a work on "The Spirit of 

 Laws." which was published in 1748. In this work, 

 which occupied its writer for more than twenty years, 

 he discusses with great ability the principles of political 

 science, as those principles were understood in his time. 

 He was also the author of some " Persian Letters " (1721). 

 in which, in the character of a Persian, he described and 

 satirized the peculiarities of his countrymen: of a dis- 

 course on "The Causes of the Greatness and of the Decay 

 of the Romans" (1734); and of numerous other works. 

 Pied in Paris. February 10, 1755. 



Montczuma I., Emperor of Mexico; after having 

 been the victorious general of his uncle, succeeded him 

 in 1436. He defeated the people of Chalis, and em- 

 banked the lake of Tezcuco. Died. 1471. 



Montczuma II., born in 1466; his grandson: became 

 emperor in 1502, and governed with great cruelty. His 

 dominions having been attacked and conquered by 

 Cortez, he was killed (1520) by his subjects while per- 

 suading them to submit to the Spaniards. 



Montjrom'ery, Richard, an American general; was 

 born in Ireland in 1736. In 1772, he resigned his com- 

 mission in the British service, and settled in Duchess 

 County, N. Y.. representing it in the Continental Con- 



S'ess, 1775. As brigadier in the national army he took 

 ontreal. and was killed in the assault on Quebec. 

 .r. 177."'. 



Mont rose. James Graham. Marquis of. Royalist 

 leader; was born in Edinburgh in 1612. and lived some 

 time in France as an officer in the Scottish Guard. On 

 his return he first joined the Covenanters, but afterwards 

 became a zealous Royalist, gaining several battles for the 

 king, but was defeated by Lesley at Philiphaugh in 1645, 

 and four years later, having been captured in Orkney, 

 was brought to Edinburgh and executed in 1650. 



Moody, l)\vlirht Lyman, American preacher; born 

 in Massachusetts in 1837: renounced I'nitananism and 

 became a Congregationalist, served during t! 

 War on the Christian commission, and from ls<>.~> entirely 

 abandoned business. His church and school-house at 

 Chicago having been burnt down in 1S71, lie wen' 

 land to raise funds for rebuilding them, and was success- 

 ful in his object. Established a school for Christian 

 workers at Northfield, Mass., and a Bible institute at 

 Chicago. Died, 1899. 



Moody, William Henry, associate justice United 

 States Supreme Court; born in Newbury. Mass., De- 

 cember 23. 1853; graduated from Phillips Academy. 

 Andover, Mass., 1S7J; Harvard I'niversitv. 1876; lawyer 

 by profession; district attorney for eastern di 

 Massachusetts. 1890-95; member 54th Congress from 

 sixth Massachusetts district to Jill vacancy; also member 

 55th. 56th. and .".7th Congresses; secretary of the navy. 

 1902-04; attorney general United States. 1904-06; 

 since 1906, associate justice United States Supreme 

 Court. 



Moore, Sir John, soldier; l>orn in 1761. son of a 

 ,n Glasgow, who edited Smollett's works; served 

 in the American war, in Corsica (1794), in the attack on 

 St l.ucia, of which he became governor, and subee- 

 ,,uently in Ireland. Holland. Kgypt. and ! 

 On his return from an expedition m aid of Sweden, he 

 was sent to Portugal to command an army to cooperate 

 with the Spaniards. He was obliged to retreat from 

 Salamanca to the sea, and won thr < orunna 



(1809), but fell in the battle and died. 



Mo,,,, -. .l,.l.i, H;iHM-lt, put 



-d law, Wilmington. Del.: --" 

 civil iiervice examination. 1885. and appointed la 

 in state department at $1.200 a year; in 1886, became 

 third assistant secretary of stale. Although a Detno- 



,-,at. :,s r, -tamed m that pOtHsM b\ M: > < " 



1801. to become professor international lar 



1898. assistant iiecretary of Mate, rmignina in 

 ueerntary and 



In- 1, tut do I>n..t Int 

 nnd the UfefUtUte OolOllifJ I nfrrn.it i.-nal I I D 



