470 



THE STANDARD DICTIONARY ol FACTS 



stitution and legal svstem. War broke out again with profession. In 1872, she came to the United States, 

 England in 1803 and Austria in 1806. He crushed the playing. in Booth's theater, New York, and m Boston, 

 latter at Ulm and Austerlitz, but failed in his designs 



here she was equally successful. She' made four visits 



to the United States, her last one being in 1880. She 

 lied in Paris, France, August 15, 18SO. 



Nelson. Horatio. Viscount, born in 1758; English 

 admiral, son of a Norfolk clergyman; entered the navy 

 n 177D, served in the American War, and under Lord 

 Hood in the war with revolutionary France, becoming 

 commodore in 1796, and rear-admiral after the battle of 

 Cape St. Vincent, 1797. In the following year he won 

 the battle of the Nile, for which he was made baron, and 

 n 1801, brilliantly disobeyed Sir Hyde Parker, by at- 

 tacking Copenhagen. After this he commanded in the 

 Mediterranean, and on October 21, 1805, saved England 

 From invasion by his defeat of the combined French and 

 Spanish fleets at Trafalgar, but fell in the action. 



N'epos, Cornelius, a Roman historian who flourished 

 during the time of Julius Caesar and the first six years of 

 the reign of Augustus. He enjoyed the friendship of 

 Cicero, and his only extant work "Vitse Excellentium 

 Imperatorum," is held in high esteem as an educational 

 classbook. 



\ero, Lucius Domitius, born in 37; Emperor of 

 Rome, grandson of Germanicus; was adopted by Clau- 

 dius in the year 50, and succeeded him in 54. He caused 

 his mother, 

 divorce from 



IHlltri ttv UUil aiivt .nuoivri in.*.. i^. *.nv>.4 



on the former. Next year Pru>-ia was conquered at 

 Jena and Auerstadt, and in 1807, after an indecisive 

 campaign, the Peace of Tilsit was made with Ku-ia 

 The continental system was now organized against Eng- 

 land, and the crown of Spain given to Joseph Bonaparte. 

 The second great attempt of Austria ended with the de- 

 feat of Waiii-am , 1S09); after which Napoleon divorced 

 Josephine Beauharnais, and married Maria Louisa, 

 daughter of the emperor. Meanwhile, however, in the 

 Iberian Peninsula, the French arms had been held in 

 check, and a breach with Russia occurred in ISli', the 

 results of which were the invasion of that country, the 

 disastrous retreat of the Grand Army and the rising of 

 Germany. After the battle of l.eip/ig. France was in- 

 vaded from east and south, and on April 11, 1814, Na- 

 poleon abdicated, and was banished to Elba. Next year 

 he escaped, held France at his feet, but after a hundred 

 days met his final defeat at Waterloo (June 18, 1815). 

 .f his life in exile at St. Helena, where 

 he dictated his " Memoirs." Died. 1S21. 



Iron III., born in 1808; the third son of Louis 

 Bonaparte, King of Holland, and Hortense de Beau- 

 harnais; became head of the house after the death of his 

 elder brothers and of the King of Rome, and in 1836, 

 made a first attempt to assert his claims, the result of 

 which was exile to the United States. In 1840, he made 

 another attempt, for which he was imprisoned in the 

 castle of Ham, whence he escaped to England in May, 

 1846. He was elected to the Assembly in 1848, and soon 

 after became president of the republic. After the coup 

 d'etat of December, 1851, his term of office was prolonged 

 to ten years, and less than a year later a plebiscite was 

 held, and Louis Napoleon became Emperor of the French. 

 He joined England in the Crimean War, and in 1859 (in 

 which year his life was attempted by Orsini), helped 

 Sardinia against the Austrians, and also took part m the 

 operations against China (1858-60), and Mehemet Ah 

 (1860-61), but he failed in Mexico in 1861, and his govern- 

 ment becoming increasingly unpopular in France, he 

 sought a remedy in the quarrel with Prussia. The re- 

 sult was his defeat and capture at Sedan (September 1, 

 1870), after which he was deposed, and on his release 

 lived in England till his death. Napoleon III. was the 

 author of several works, the chief of which were " LaVie 

 de Ce"sar," and "Des Ide"es Napoleonmennes." Died, 



Ncandcr, Johann August Wilhelm, born in 1789 

 (David Mendel) ; German theologian of Jewish parentage 

 professor of theology at Berlin. Many of his works have 

 been translated, the chief of them being " History of the 

 Christian Religion and Church," " Life of Jesus Christ,' 

 and "The Emperor Julian and his Age." Died, 1850. 



Nebuchadnezzar succeeded his father, Nabopo- , ^*~ , - 



lassar as King of Babylon, and after taking Jerusalem, body," "Reminiscences of an Astronomer, also various 

 in 606 B C carried off to Babylon numerous captives, | other books on astronomy and economic topics, magazine 



articles, etc. 



Newman, John Henry, Cardinal, born in 1801; 



, 



Agrippina, to be murdered for opposing hia 

 Oclavia and marriage with Poppsea Sabina, 

 this being accomplished by the murder of the former. 

 He persecuted the Christians, whom he charged with the 

 burning of Rome in 64, and married Messalina after the 

 death of his second wife. The conspiracy of Piso was 

 discovered, but on the success of that of Galba Nero, put 

 an end to his life. 



Nerva, Marcus Cocceius, a Roman Emperor, born 

 in Umbria, A. D. 32, after being twice consul, was pro- 

 claimed emperor on the death of Domitian, 96. He 

 ruled with mildness and justice, and, after adopting Tra- 

 jan as his son and successor, died, 98. 



Newcomb, Simon, astronomer; born in Wallace, 

 N. S., March 12, 1835; came to United States, 1853; 

 graduate of Lawrence Scientific School, Harvard, B. S., 

 1858. Appointed, 1861, professor of mathematics, 

 United States Navy; assigned to duty at United States 

 Naval Observatory ; professor in mathematics and astron- 

 omy, Johns Hopkins, 1884-94, and editor "American 

 Journal Mathematics." Since 1874, correspondent, and 

 since 1893, one of the eight foreign associates, institute of 

 France; made officer of Legion of Honor of France, 1893. 

 Author: "Secular Variations and Mutual Revelations of 

 the Orbits of the Asteroids," " Investigation of the Orbit 

 of Neptune," "Researches on the Motion of the Moon." 

 "Popular Astronomy," "Calculus," "A Plain Man's 

 Talk on the Labor Question," "Principles of Political 

 Economy," "Elements of Astronomy," "His Wisdom 

 the Defender," "The Stars," "Astronomy for Every- 



among them the prophet Daniel. He afterwards con- 

 quered Tyre and Egypt. Died, 562 B. C. 



Necho, one of the Pharaoh Dynasty of Egyptian kings, theologian son of a London banker ; graduated tro 

 succeeded his father, Psamrnetichus, in 617 B. C., cte- Trinity College, Oxford, m 1820, and I was elected Fellow 



feated Josiah, King of Judah, and was himself defeated 

 by Nebuchadnexxar, King of Babylon, in 606. 



Needham, Charles Willis, educator; born in Castile, 

 N Y., September 30, 1848; graduate of Albany Law 

 School, 1869-80 (LL. D., University of Rochester, 

 Georgetown College, Kentucky); practiced law in 

 Chicago, 1874-90, Washington since 1890; assisted in 

 organizing Chicago University and was one of board 

 of trustees; elected professor of law, 1897; organized, 

 and elected dean, school of comparative jurisprudence 

 and diplomacy; 1898, professor of transportation and 

 interstate commerce in school of comparative jurispru- 

 dence and diplomacy; president The George Washing- 

 ton University (formerly Columbian) since 1902. Lec- 

 turer upon legal ethics, trusts and trades unions. Mem- 

 ber of American Economic Association, and many other 

 learned and educational societies. Delegate to Con- 

 gns international de Droit Compare", 1900; delegate to 

 Congres International des Chemius de Fer; delegate 

 Congres International D'Assitance Publique at de 

 Bienfaisance Prive"e, Paris; speaker upon jurisprudence, 

 congress of arts and sciences, St. Ixniis Exposition, 1904. 

 Author of several pamphlets on education, law, and 

 jurisprudence; contributor to periodicals. 



Xeilson, Adelaide, an English actress; born in Leeds, 

 Yorkshire, England, March 3, 1848. Her real name was 



of Oriel He took orders in 1824, when he became vice- 

 principal of St. Alban's Hall, and in 1828, became vicar 

 of St. Mary's. He took a leading part in the Tract ana n 

 movement, and in 1841, wrote "Tract XC.," which was 

 severely condemned. After living at Littlemore for 

 some years in seclusion, he was received into the Roman 

 Church, in 1845; founded the Brompton oratory in 1850, 

 and directed the Edgbaston oratory for the greater part 

 of his remaining years. He took part in controversies 

 with Kingsley in 1S64, and Mr. Gladstone in 1874, and 

 accepted the Infallibility dogma with some reservations. 

 He was created cardinal in 1ST!). Chief among his works 

 were "Apologia pro Vit:'i Sua, An Essay in Aid of a Gram- 

 mar of Assent," and "The Dream of Gerontms. Died, 



Newton, Sir Isaac, the greatest of philosophers, 

 was born, December 25, 1642, at Colsterworth, in Lin- 

 colnshire, and early displayed a talent for mechanics and 

 drawing. He was educated at Grantham School, and at 

 Trinity College, Cambridge, and studied mathematics 

 with the utmost assiduity. In 1667, he obtained a fel- 

 lowship; in 1669, the mathematical professorship; and 

 in 1671, he became a member of the Royal Society. It 

 was during his abode at Cambridge that he made his 

 three great discoveries, of fluxions, the nature of light 

 and colors, and the laws of gravitation. To the 



Elizabeth Ann" Brown, though she was sometimes called I latter of these his attention was first turned ^by his 

 Lizzie Bland (Bland being the name of her step-father), seeing an apple fall from a tree. Ihe 1 nncipia, wnicn 

 She made her debut as Juliet when only 17 years old. unfolded to the world the theory of the universe, was not 

 she appeared as Amy Robsart in 1870, in London, with published till 1687. In that year also Newton .was chosen 

 immense success, and by 1878, stood at the head of her one of the delegates to defend the privileges of the 



