476 



llli: STANDARD DICTIONARY OF FACTS 



Pennypacker, Samuel AVhitaker. jurist, ex-gov- 

 ernor; born in Phoenixville, Pa., April 9, 1S43; edu- 

 cated there and at West Philadelphia Institute; private 

 of 26th "Emergency" regiment, 1863, at r,ftty>burg; 

 graduated in law from University of Pennsylvania, 

 1866; has a notable library of early Pennsylvania im- 

 prints; presiding judge of Court of Common Pleas, 

 Philadelphia, until 1902; governor of Pennsylvania. 

 1903-O6. Author: "Pennsylvania Colonial ' 

 "Annals of Phoenixville and Vicinity." "Historical and 

 Biographical Sketches." "Index to the English Common 



Law Reports, 1'he Settlement of Gennantown," 



"Congress Hall." "Capture of Stony Point," "Gen. 

 Weedon's Orderly Book at Valley Forge," "IVnny- 

 packer's Supreme Court Reports" (4 vols.); and fifty 

 other books and papers. 



IN- pin le Href, born in 714; King of the Franks and 

 father of Charlemairne. deposed Childeric III., and 

 founded the Curlovmgian Dynasty (752), and after- 

 wards, by helping Stephen 111., against the Lombards, 

 founded the temporal power of the popes. Died, 768. 



I'crry. Hli, editor of "The Atlantic Monthly" 

 since 1899; born in Williamstown, Mass., November 25, 

 1860; graduate of Williams, 1881 (A. M., L. II. D., 

 Princeton, 1900, Williams, 1902; Litt. D., Bowdoin, 

 1904); studied in Berlin and Btnasbun universities. 

 Professor of English, Williams, 1886-93; Princeton, 

 1893-99. Editor: "Selections from Burke," Scott's 

 "Woodstock" and "Ivanhoe," and "Little Master- 

 pieces." Author: "The Broughton House," "Salem 

 Kittredge, and Other Stories," "The Plated City," 

 "The Powers at Play," "Chapter on Poetry in Counsel 

 Upon the Reading of Books,' "A Study of Prose Fic- 

 tion," "The Amateur Spirit." 



Pestalozzi, Jo harm Heinrich, born in 1745; Swiss 

 educationist; established an institution for deserted 

 children at Neuhof in 1798, and afterwards as a school- 

 master at Burgdorf and Yverdun, practiced his "in- 

 tuitive" system. His chief works were "How Gertrude 

 Instructs Her Children" and his "Mother's Book." 

 Died. 1827. 



Peter, St., one of the foremost of the twelve apostles; 

 originally called Simon, he was the son of Jona, and a 

 resident at Bethsaida; his brother Andrew, being a dis- 

 ciple of John the Baptist, was by John directed to Jesus; 

 and speedily he prevailed on Simon to accompany him 

 to one who he felt convinced was the predicted Messias. 

 Our Lord kindly received the newcomer, and gave him 

 the name of Cephas, the Aramaic equivalent to the Greek 

 Peter (John i. 35-42). Peter was a man of ardent tem- 

 perament, affectionate and generous. He was favored 

 with special manifestations of his Master's confidence, 

 and performed a more prominent part in the sacred his- 

 tory than any other of the twelve disciples. He was 

 crucified with his head downwards in the persecution 

 under Nero, about A. D. 66. 



Peter I., Tsar of Russia (Peter the Great) ; born in 

 1672; was joint ruler with Ivan V. from 1682 till 1689, 

 when he became sole sovereign; visited Holland and 

 England to learn ship-building, and on his return sup- 

 pressed the conspiracy of the Stretlitz (1698); founded 

 St. Petersburg in 1703, and, after a defeat at Narva, 

 won the victory of Pultowa over Charles XII. of Sweden 

 in 1709. He added to his dominions Esthonia, Livonia, 

 and part of Finland, and again visited western Europe 

 in 1716-17. Died, 1725. 



Peters, John Punnett, clergyman; born in New 

 York, December 16, 1852; graduated from Yale, 1873; 

 studied philology and theology, Yale (Ph. D., 1876; 

 D. D., 1895); studied in Berlin and Leipzig, 1879-83 

 (honorary scholar of divinity, University of Pennsyl- 

 vania, 1895) ; professor of Old Testament languages and 

 literature Protestant Episcopal Divinity School, Phila- 

 delphia. 1884; professor of Hebrew, University of 

 Pennsylvania, 1885; in charge of expedition of Univer- 

 sity of Pennsylvania to Babylonia, conducting excava- 

 tions at Nippur, 1888-95; rector of St. Michael's Church, 

 New York, 1893 : 1904; canon residentiary. Cathedral 

 St. John the Divine since 1904. Author: "Scriptures, 

 Hebrew and Christian" (Volumes I and II), "The Bible 

 as Literature" (part author) ; "In Lauda Zion," "Nip- 

 pur, or Explorations and Adventures on the Euphrates," 

 two volumes, "The Old Testament and the New Scholar- 

 ship." Translator: "Political History of Recent Times" 

 (with appendix covering period 1876-81). Edited: 

 "Diary of David McClure," "Early Hebrew Story," 

 "Some Tombs in the Necropolis of Marissa" (with Dr. 

 Hermann Thiersch). 



Petrarca, Francesco, Italian poet; born in Arezzo 

 in 1304; lived chiefly at Avignon, but passed his later 

 years at Milan, Venice, and Padua; with Boccaccio took 

 an active part in the revival of learning, and was crowned 

 as laureate in the capitol by King Robert of Anjou in 



1341. His chief works are "Sonnetti," "Canzoni et 

 Trionfi " (in praise of Laura, a married lady whom he 

 met at Avignon in 1327), and some Latin treatises. 

 Died in Arqua in 1374. 



Phidias, one of the greatest of sculptors, an Athenian ; 

 is supposed to have been born about 497 or 4'JvS 14. (.'. 

 Little, however, is known respecting his life. Hippias 

 is stated by some to have been his master, and Kladas 

 by 9thers. He executed several statues of Minerva, 

 particularly that in the Parthenon (the works of which 

 temple he superintended) ; a statue of Jupiter ( Hympius; 

 a ml various other admirable productions. Died, 431 

 B.C. 



I'liilip, one of the twelve apostles, according to John's 

 Gospel, "of Bethsaida, the city of Andrew and IVter." 

 and who was called to follow Jesus at Bethany. After 

 the resurrection he was present at the elect ion of Matt hias 

 to the apostleship, but is not again mentioned. Philip 

 the Evangelist, often cqmfounded with the above, is 

 first mentioned in Ads vi: 5. He preached at Smyrna, 

 where Simon Magus was one of his converts; baptized 

 the Ethiopian eunuch; and entertained Paul and his 

 companion on their way to Jerusalem. 



Philip, an Indian chief, whose father had been a 

 staunch friend of the Pilgrim settlers, was himself friendly 

 to the colonists, till in 1671 their encroachments prp 

 voked him to retaliation; after six years' lighting, in 

 which many colonists perished and great massacres 

 of Indians took place, he was defeated and slain in 1676. 



Philip II., King of Macedon; b9rn B. C. 382; as- 

 cended the throne in 360 B. C.; instituted the phalanx, 

 made Thrace and Thessaly tributary, defeated the 

 Athenians at Chacronea (338), but was assassinated at 

 ^Egse two years later. Died, 336 B. C. 



Philip II. of Spain, born in 1527; succeeded upon 

 the abdication of Charles V. in 1555. He married (1) 

 Isabella of Portugal, (2) Mary of England, (3) Anne of 

 Austria. His reign was marked by the revolt of the 

 Netherlands, the annexation of Portugal (1580), the 

 defeat of the Turks at Lepanto (1571), and the loss of 

 the Armada (1588). Died, 1598. 



Phillips, Wendell, an American orator and abolition- 

 ist; born in Boston, Mass., November 29, 1811. He was 

 graduated at Harvard in 1831, studied law there, and 

 was called to the bar in 1834. But before clients came 

 he had been drawn away from his profession to the real 

 work of his life. A timely speech in Faneuil Hall in 1S37, 

 made him at once the principal orator of the anti-slavery 

 party; and henceforth, till the president's proclamation 

 of January 1, 1863, he was Garrison's loyal and valued 

 ally, his lectures and addresses doing more for their 

 cause than can well be estimated. He also championed 

 the cause of temperance, and that of women, and ad- 

 vocated the rights of the Indians. In 1870, he was nomi- 

 nated governor by the Prohibitionists and the Labor 

 party. His speeches and letters were collected in 1S03 

 (new edition 1884). He died in Boston, Mass., Febru- 

 ary 2, 1884. 



Phipps, Henry, manufacturer; born in Philadelphia, 

 September 27, 1839; worked in stores in Pittsburg, 

 1852-56; 9ffice boy and bookkeeper for Dilworth & 

 Bidwell, spike manufacturers, 1856-61; partner in Bid- 

 well & Phipps, agents for Dupont Powder Company. Isiil ; 

 also partner in small iron mill, Kloman & Phipps; later 

 associated with Thomas M. and Andrew Carnegie in iron 

 and steel manufacture, building up large fortune, and 

 having, next to Mr. Carnegie, largest interest in Tinted 

 States Steel Corporation; director of United States 

 Steel Corporation, Carnegie Company, Van Norden Trust 

 Company, Mellon National Bank (Pittsburg). 



Pickering, Edward Charles, professor of astron- 

 omy and director Harvard College observatory since 

 1877; born in Boston, Mass., July 19, 1846; graduated 

 Lawrence Scientific School. Harvard, 18(>r> (A. M., 

 1880, LL. D., universities of California, 1SSC>, of Michigan, 

 1SS7, of Chicago, 1901, of Harvard, HUM. of Heidelberg, 

 1903; divinity scholar, Victoria University, England, 

 1900); instructor of mathematics, Lawrence Scientific 

 School, 1865-67; Thayer professor of physics, Massa- 

 chusetts Institution of Technology, 1867-77; established 

 first physical laboratpry in United States; under his 

 direction invested capital and income of the observatory 

 has increased fourfold ; study of light and spectra of the 

 stars have been special features of his work; by estab- 

 lishing an auxiliary station in Arequipa, Peru, southern 

 stars are also observed, extending the work from pole 

 to pole. Author: "Elements of Physical Manipulation," 

 and various volumes of annals and other publications of 

 Harvard College Observatory. 



Pilate, Pontius, Roman procurator of Judea and 

 Samaria in the days of Christ, from A. D. 26 to 36; per- 

 suaded of the innocence of Christ when arraigned before 

 his tribunal, would fain have saved Him, but yielded 



