BIOGRAPHY 



477 



to the clamor of His enemies, who crucified Him; he 

 protested before they led Him away by washing his hands 

 in tneir presence that he was guiltless of His blood. 



Pinchot, Clifford, forester; born in Simsbury, Conn.. 



August 11, iMi.V, graduated from Yale, 1889; studied 



. in France. Germany, Switzerland, and Austria; 



:iret systematic forest work in United States at 



Hilt more, N. C.. January. 1892 (M. A., Yale. 1901, Prince- 



'4); member National Forest Commission; chief 



i. afterward Bureau of Forestry, and now The 



ted States Department of Agriculture, 



.ly 1, 1898; member committee on organization 



of government scientific work since March 13, 1903, 



and commission on public lands since October 22, 1903. 



Author: "The White Pine" (with H. S. Graves), "The 



Adirondack Spruce," "A Primer of Forestry." 



Pinero, Arthur \Vlnjf, dramatic author; was born 

 in London in 1855; commencing a legal career, he after- 

 wards became connected with the stage, and acted at the 

 i and Haymarket theaters. Devoting himself 

 -writing, he produced his first piece, which was 

 ro can Play at that Game, at the Lyceum. 

 :om his pen include "200 a Year, "The 

 Money Spinner." "The Squire," "Lords and Commons," 

 .cket," "The Magistrate," "Sweet Lavender," 

 Profligate," "In Chancery," "Lady Bountiful," 

 "The Times." "The Second Mrs. Tanqueray," "The 

 Notorious Mrs. Ebbsmith," and "The Benefit of the 

 "The Princess and the Butterfly." "Trelawny 



"The Gay Lord Quex," "Iris." "Letty, 

 < without a Smile," and "His House in Order." 

 He also collaborated with Sir Arthur Sullivan and Mr. 

 Comyns Carr in "The Beauty Stone," a romantic musical 

 drama produced in May, 1898. 



I'm. William, born in 1759; statesman; second son 



<>f Ixird Chatham; was returned for Appleby in 1780, 



aa a follower of Shelburne, whose chancellor of the ex- 



eneijuer he became two years later. After the defeat 



of the Coalition ministry, Pitt became prime minister, 



in a minority. After the dissolution of 1786. 



er, he had a majority, with which he passed his 



India Bill, and carried on the war with revolutionary 



France. In 1801, he resigned on account of the king's 



on to the removal of Catholic disabilities, with 



which Pitt had hoped to accompany the Act of Union. 



1 rom 1S04, till his death (1806). Pitt was again in office, 



and continued to direct the struggle against France. 



Pin- \.. <.liMierl, born in 1504; elected in 1566, 

 having previously been inquisitor-general; excommuni- 

 cated Queen Elizabeth and suppressed heresy, but also 

 out reforms, and encouraged Spain and Venice 

 r \\ar against the Turks. Died. 1572. 

 Pin-. l\.. <.io\ inni Mastal-Ferrettl, born in 1792; 

 was elected in 1S46, and immediately granted a con- 

 M it ut ion. but refused to declare war against Austria. 

 .e insurrection at Rome (1848), he fled to Gaeta. 

 but was restored by French aid two years later. The 

 ar he established a Catholic hierarchy in Eng- 

 land, and in 1H54, defined the doctrine of the Immaculate 

 on. In Is.V.MKi he lost the greater part of his 

 ,ns, but was maintained in Home by a French 

 garrison. In 1870. the Infallibility dogma was promul- 

 gated bv the GBUmenical council held at Home. In that 

 year, wi <-h left the city, it was declared the 



capital of Italy, and occupied by the troops of Victor 

 Emmanuel. . 



Pin- \.. Roman Pontiff. His name is 



Giuseppe (Joseph) Sarto, and he was born in June j. 



1835, at Hiese, in the diocese of Treviso. his father 



: municipal ofhcial. Ilia relatives are still 



ahopkeepers and people of humble position. He was 



educated at Castelfranco and the diocesan seminary of 



Padua, and orda:n.-d priest September 18. 1868. He 



1 rune veers as curate at Tombolo, nine years as 



parish priest of Salzano; and was made canon and chan- 



:,,<-eM- of TreviM, in IS7.V In 1884. he WM 



ted Bishop of Mantua, and Leo XIII. made him a 



patriarch of Venice, m ls'..'i. His charity 



and tact brought him unbounded popularity, and he \\ii-. 



more than once instrumental m .i-tthng MTI..U.I Mrike* 



and labor disputes. He came int., 



h the King and Q^ueen of Italy while he was cardi- 

 nal, but . d with an inflexible resolve to main- 

 l I.erty of the Church. On the death 

 I uly 20, 1903. the conclave met, July 31nt. 



-eventh scr 



Cardinal Sarto as pope, and he chose to be Known as 



hi* life was spent in 



the pastoral and episcopal service of the Church rather 

 ths,,f diplomatic and official service. He 

 ^played deep interest in social question* and 



the hfc of the poor, to whom hi charity at 

 was proverbial. He has 



in the reform of Church music and in other matters of 

 ecclesiastical discipline. In May. 1907. he issued a 

 decree entrusting the revision of the vulgate to the Bene- 

 dictine Order, and in September issued an encyclical 

 against the modernist movement in the Church. 



Pizarro, Francisco, born in 1505; Spanish con- 

 queror of Peru; embarked for America in 1510, and, in 

 1530, first visited Peru. The next year he returned, and, 

 taking advantage of a civil war, got possession of the 

 country, founding Lima in 1535. Six years later he was 

 assassinated by the friends of Almagro. a rival whom he 



had caused to be executed, His brother, Gonzalo, who 

 had accompanied him, was put to death in 1548, for a 

 revolt against the Spanish viceroy. Died. 1541. 



Plato, a Greek philosopher; born in Athens or in 

 .Egina, in May 429 B. C.. the year in which Penclee 

 died. He was a disciple of Socrates, and after the death 

 of that philosopher. Plato himself became a teacher in 

 the plane tree grove of the Academia. He had a great 

 number of disciples, many of whom became eminent 

 teachers. Among them was Aristotle, distinguished aa 

 the "Mind of the School," and perhaps Demosthenes. 

 Women are said to have attended. In his 40th year. 

 Plato visited Sicily, but he offended the tyrant Dionysius 

 by the political opinions he uttered, and only escaped 

 death through the influence of his friend, Dion. Two 

 later visits to the court of the younger Dionysius were 

 the only interruptions to his calm life as a teacher and 

 writer at Athens. He died in the act of writing, it is 

 said, in May, 347 B. C. 



Platt, Thomas Collier, United States senator; born 

 in Owego, N. Y.. July 15, 1833; educated at Owego 

 Academy; member of class of 1853, Yale, but compelled 

 to give up course because of ill health (A. M.. 1876): 

 entered mercantile life; was president of Tioga National 

 Bank at its organization: became largely interested in 

 lumbering in Michigan; clerk of Tioga County, 1859-61; 

 member of Congress, 1873-77; elected United States 

 senator, January 18, 1881. and resigned, May 16th, same 

 year, with Roscoe Conklin. Secretary and director of 

 United States Express Co., 1879. and its president since 

 1880. President of board of quarantine commissioners. 

 N. Y.. 1880-88; has been president of Southern Central 

 R. R. and of Addison & Northern Pennsylvania R. R. 

 Has been recognized leader in New York Republican 

 politics for years; United States senator since 1897; 

 present term expires 1909. 



Plutarch (ploo't&rk), the most distinguished biog- 

 rapher of antiquity, was born in Borolia. about A. D. 50. 

 Alter studying under Ammonias at Delphi, he taught 

 philosophy at Home during the reign of Vespasian, aa is 

 supposed. He belonging to the platonic school, and was 

 a most prolific writer. His " Lives " of eminent Greeks 

 and Romans, arranged in parallels, ranks as a standard 

 classic. 



Pocahontas (po-ka-hbn't&t), the daughter of Pow- 

 hatan, a powerful Indian chief of Virginia, was born 

 about 1595. She was seized by the English. 1612. and 

 held by them as a safeguard against the hostility of her 

 tribe. She married an Englishman, John Roue, who 

 took her to England, where she died, 1617. 



Poe, Edgar Allan, an American poet, born in Boston. 

 Mass.. 1809. was a youth of wonderful genius, but of 

 reckless habits, who came to an unhappy and untimely 

 end. He left behind him tales and poems, which, though 

 they were not appreciated when he lived, have received 

 the recognition they deserve since his death. His 

 poetical masterpiece. "The Raven," is well-known. 

 Poe died. 1K49. at Baltimore of inflammation of the brain. 

 : from which he was picked up in a street one 



evening 



Polk.Jamei Km.x. u.rninlTM; eleventh President 

 was speaker of the House of Renre- 



..ntatives ((1835-38) and governor of TenneeMe (1838- 

 1 as a Democrat to the presidency in 

 1844. He ohtainr.: 



.r California and New Mexico by Mexico, 

 as well aa the sett lemon t of the Oregon boundary. 

 DM, IM-. 



P.. II,,. k, Mr Frederick, Bart* born in 184S; 



i ho was Fellow; WM 



the bar in 1^71. beeMM pmfrr of jurisprudence at 

 ivo. nn , | .t Oxford, in 

 ixx;< ii,. ,,,k, Lndude " ri..- i and i vmT 



-.-iv - m Jurisprudence and _ 



. 



P,,n, 



. 



court page, eerved against the Moon, and in 1602. 



mdo to Hi-pan 



of thorn.t sUnd In 1510. 



shown himself fealous , government of Porto Rico, and had conquered the 



