BIOGRAPHY 



481 



composing the liturgy and drawing up the forty-two himself to the Jacobin body, 

 articles; favored the attempt to place Lady Jane Grey - 



In 1792, the City of Paris, 



elected him one of its deputies to the convention, 

 wnere he speedily became the leader of the Mountain 

 party, in its struggles with the Girondins. Over the 

 latter, with the help of the Commune of Paris and the 

 mob, he achieved a decisive triumph in June, 1793. 

 After this he inaugurated the Reign of Terror, by con- 

 stituting himself president of the committee of public 



with great genius and eloquence. In 1347, he succeeded safety, and associating along with him Couthon and St. 

 Crowing the tyranny of the nobles at Rome, and Just. In 1794, being by this time in possession of almost 

 obtaining the supreme authority, with the title of unlimited power, Robespierre opened the regime of the 

 tribune and liberator. He was, however, soon expelled, guillotine by first sacrificing his Girondist rivals, and 

 and was imprisoned for three years by Clement VI. He tnen sending indiscriminately to their death thousands 

 was released by Innocent VI., who sent him to the of innocent persons of both sexes. The excesses of this 

 Roman capital as senator and tribune, but he was mur- monster at last raised against him a strong combination 

 by the people in 1354 



on the throne, and was imprisoned in the Tower; was 

 condemned to death for heresy, and burnt, with Latimer, 

 at Oxford, in October, 1555. 



Rienzi. Nicholas Gabrlno de, an Italian reformer of 

 the Fourteenth Century, was the son of an innkeeper, 

 but received an excellent education, and was endowed 



Kiley, James Whitcomb, author; born in Green- 

 field. Ind . in 1853; educated at the public schools; 

 began contributing poems to Indiana papers, 1873, and 

 has long been known as " the Hoosier poet " ; much of his 

 in tiit- Middle-Western or Hoosier dialect; his 

 earlier Hoosier dialect verse, and his first book, appeared 

 under the pen-name "Bern. F. Johnson, of Boone" 

 M A . Yale, 1902; Litt. D.. University of Pennsylvania. 

 1904). Author: "The Old Swimmin' Hole and 'Leven 

 More Poems." "The Boss Girl and Other Sketches." 

 "Afterwhiles." " Old-Fashioned Roses " (published in 

 England); "Pipes o* Pan at Zekesbury." "Rhymes of 

 Childhood." "Flying Islands of the Night," "Green 

 Fields and Running Brooks," "Armazindy," "A Child- 

 World." "Neighborly Poems," "Home Folks," "Poems 

 Here at Home." " Rubiayat of Doc. Sifters," "The 

 Book of Joyous Children," " An Old Sweetheart of Mine." 

 Old Aunt Mary's," "A Defective Santa Claus." 



It i -tori. Adelaide, born in 1822; Italian actress, the 

 child of strolling players; married, in 1347, the Marquis 

 Capranica del Gnllo. but afterwards returned to the stage. 

 Having established her reputation in Italy, she visited 

 : v>5, London. 1858, and other European capitals, 

 a* well as the United States and South America. During 

 her American tour she played with Edwin Booth. 



Robhia. Lucca della, born about 1399, an Italian 

 sculptor; famous for his work in enameled terra-cot ta. 

 : 103. His nephew, Andrea, born 1444, excelled 

 in the same art. Died. 1527. 



Robert It nice. King of Scotland; born in 1274. was 



the grandson of Balliol's rival in 1292. In 1306, he mur- 



ie regent, Comyn, and was crowned at Scone, 



but was defeated by Edward I . the same year. After many 



years of hardship and ill-fortune, he gained a final victory 



over Edward II. at Bannockburn, in 1314. By the 



Treaty of Northampton (132H) the complete independ- 



md was recognized. Died, 1329. 



K .tiert-. Frederick, Lord, an English military offi- 

 cer; born in Cawnpur. India. September 30, 1832. He 

 was taken to England when two years old, educated 

 at Clifton, Eton. Sandhurst, and Addiscombe, and en- 

 tered the Bengal Artillery in 1851. His first taste of 

 actual warfare wa 



during the mutiny, and he took an active part in the 

 subsequent operations down to the relief of Lucknow. 

 ^charged the duties of assistant quartermaster- 

 general in the Abyssinian expedition of 1868. and in the i partner in produce commission trade; soon after joined 

 Lushai expedition of 1871-1872. On the outbreak of j his brother. John D. Rockefeller, in oil business; since 



Khan War in 1878, Roberts, now major-general, 

 was appointed to command the Kurram division of the 

 army. He forced in brilliant fashion the Afghan posi- 

 tion on the peak of Peiwar Kotul (8.500 feet above sea- 

 level). After the murder of Sir Louis Cavagnari and 



of opponents, and the convention declaring him an 

 outlaw, Robespierre perished under the guillotine, July 

 28, 1794. 



Rochamboau, Jean Haptlste Donatlen de VI men r 

 Co in to de, born in 1725, marshal of France; distin- 

 guisned himself in the Seven Years' War and the Ameiican 

 War of Independence: in 1790, became commander of 

 the army of the nortn, but resigned in 1792, and narrowly 

 escaped execution during the Reign of Terror. Died, 



Rockefeller, John Da v I son, capitalist: born in 

 Richford, N. Y., July 8, 1839; moved to Cleveland. ( Hiio. 

 1853; public school education; married in Cleveland, 

 Ohio. September 8, 1864. Laura C. Spelman. Was clerk 

 in forwarding and commission house; at 19, partner in 

 firm, of Clark A Rockefeller, commission merchants: 

 firm became Andrews, Clark A Co.. and engaged in oil 

 business; in 1865, the firm, then William Rockefeller A 

 Co., built Standard Oil Works, Cleveland; this was con- 

 solidated with others in Standard Oil Company. 1870: 

 other interests were later acquired and the Standard Oil 

 Trust was formed, 1882, but dissolved. 1892; the various 

 Standard Oil companies now being operated separately, 

 with Mr. Rockefeller at the head of the entire business. He 

 has given over $10.000.000 to the University of Chicago: 

 a $ 100.000 building. 3,000 volumes on Greek art and 

 literature, and money donations to Vassar; $25.000 to 

 Barnard College; $50,000 to Tarrytown, N. Y., for a 

 high-service water tower; $250.000 to American Baptist 

 Missionary Union and Home Missionary Society: $10.- 

 000.000 to General Education Board, 1905; $1.000.000 

 to Yale, 1905; endowed Rockefeller Institute for Medi- 

 cal Research, New York. etc. 



Rockefeller, John Davison. Jr., capitalist; born in 

 1877; son of John Davison and Laura C. (Spelman) 

 Rockefeller; graduate of Brown University; married, in 

 1901, Abby Green Aldrich. Associated with his father 

 in business enterprises; member of board of managers of 

 Delaware, Lacka wanna A Western Railroad Company; 

 director of Standard Oil Co.; United States Steel Corpo- 



ration, Missouri Pacific Railway Company. Colorado 

 Fuel and Iron Company, Federal Mining and Smelting 



terea ine Bengal Aruiiery in 1501. nis nrsi taste 01 i Company, American Linseed Company, trustee of Uni- 



actual warfare was in the hot time of the siege of Delhi, I versity of Chicago. 



Rockefeller, William, capitalist; born in Richford, 

 Tioga County. N. Y.. May 31. 1S41 ; educated at Owego, 

 N. Y., and Cleveland, Ohio: was bookkeeper and later 



1865 at head of the basin* >rk; now president 



of the Standard oil Co., of New York; vice-president and 

 director of Standard < Ml Co.. of New Jersey: trustee 

 of Anaconda Copper Mining Company, Consolidated Ga* 

 Company. Mutual Life Insurance Company, United 



the escort of the British mission at Kabul, he was given States Trust Company; director of Amalgamated Copper 

 command of the force sent to avenge them. He de- Company, Chicago, Milwaukee A St. Paul Railway 

 feated the Afghans at Charasia on October 6th. took j Company, Lake Shore A Michigan Southern Railway 



Company, New York Central A Hudson River Rail- 

 road Company, New York, New Haven A Hartford 

 Railroad Company. Northern Pacific Railway Company. 

 Central New England Railway Company. Delaware. 

 Lackawanna A Western Railroad Company. 11 



possession of Kabul on the 12th. and assumed the gov- 

 ernment of the country. On August <>th. Sir F. Roberta 

 set out on his memorable march through the heart of 

 Afghanistan to the n-h.-f ..f Kandahar, which he reached 

 three week* later. He immediately gave battle to Ayub 



Khan and routed him 

 and his camp; 



completely, capturing all his 

 was appointed command.-r-m- 



chief of the Madras army (1881). and held the rank of 



coramamler-m-eniH in India (1885-1893). Me was 

 I commander-in-chief of the forces in Ireland 

 to 1895; and in 1899 took command of the i 



forces in South Africa; rapturing Cronje. n 

 Kimberly. and annexing the two republic*. He re- 

 turned to England and was made commander-in-chief 



to <uccpe<l ; . Icy. 



Robespierre, M;IIM. n >i.,ri,- i~i,|,,r,- ' 



Ptr). a French revolutionist, was born at Arras. 1758. 



,'jnmng some distinct ion as an 



advocate, he entered the States-General in 17sw. as 



A Connecticut Western Railroad 



K.ver A 1'ortehr-fr Ra,ln,ad 



Company, 



Harlem 



k A 



Harlem Railroad Company, Poughkeepwe Bridge Rail 

 road Company. National City Bank. Columbia Bank 



. 



Nat,,.i,:,l 



Hanover National Hank. Leather M:imif:i. tur.-r* Nat,,.i,:,l 



Hank. I .in. ,,! National Bank. 2d National Bank. Mutual 



Trust Company. National Transit Company, 



I'tnted Metal- Selhm: Compi.nv. N.-IV Ml Mr '> 

 Light < tfcrbine and Acetylene 



Cornnanv. lin...klvn I'm 



IC,H.|.IHi K . John v 



engineer, wan born in Muhlhausen, Prussia. 1800. He 

 emiKrated to the United State* in 1831. and in course of 

 _________ _______ years became the designer and constructor of many 



of the representatives of Artois. In that MMamV he great public works; among them the canal aqueduct 

 soon made hi* mark as a rabid Democrat, and attached across the Allegheny River, and the Monongahela Sue- 



