BIOGRAPHY 



483 



in 1SS6 and 1892; succeeded to the premiership in 1894, 1892. Author: "Religious Aspect of Philosophy," 

 resigned in 1VJ.J, and retired from the leadership of the , " History of California " (in " American Commonwealth'" 

 Liberal party, October, 1896; since then he has been series), "The Feud of Oakfield Creek" (novel) "The 

 prominent on several important occasions, notably dur- .Spirit of Modern Philosophy." "The Conception of God" 

 ing the Fashoda crisis and the Transvaal negotiations, (joint author). "The World'and the Individual" (2 vols.) 

 in both of which he supported Lord Salisbury, has "The Conception of Immortality," "Studies of Good 

 delivered many notable speeches on literary and social ' and Evil." "Outlines of Psychology." "Herbert Spencer " 

 subjects. In 1900, published an interesting study of "An Estimate and a Review." etc. 



Napoleon "The Last Phase." In December, 1901, 

 returned to political life, with a speech at Chesterfield, 

 resident of the Liberal League. Has been 

 >us critic of .Mr. Chamberlain's policy, especially 



i grounds. 



KM-,-, [ ,n-. \\illiam Starke, American general, 

 ton, Ohio, 1819; trained as an engineer, he 

 led down to coal-mining when the Civil War 

 broke out; joined the army in 1861, and rapidly came to 

 the front; highly distinguished himself during the cam- 

 1S62-63, winning battles at luka, Corinth, and 

 River; but defeated at Chickamauga he lost his 

 1; reinstated in 1864 he drove Price out of Mis- 

 souri; has been minister to Mexico, a member of Con- 

 pees, and 1885-1893 registrar of the United States 

 Treasury; die,! near Los Angeles, Cal., 1898. 



1C in. .:i bride (rot-tet'U), born at Vasto, in the 



e of Chieti. Italy, 1783, an eminent Italian author, 

 chiefly celebrated as a commentator on Dante, and as the 

 author of several volumes of poems, which are popular 



paigna 



iii Italy. He went to England as a political refugee in 

 1 was for several years (till 1845) professor of 

 Italian Literature in King's College, London. Died in 

 l. His son, Gabriel Charles Dante Rossetti 

 born in London, 1828; died at Hirchington-on-the-Sea 

 (April 9, 1882), attained considerable eminence as an 

 ind also as a poet. His poems are contained in 

 two volumes "Poems" (1870), and "Ballads and 

 Sonnets " ( 1881). He also wrote " Dante and his Circle " 

 (1861 and 1873). Christina Rossetti, daughter and sister 

 of the two above, died December 29, 1894, at the age of 

 sixty-five. She wrote "The Prince's Progress," etc., 

 and many well-known religious poems and books, 

 children's stories, etc. 



Rossini. <.ioa< hlno Antonio (ro-e'ne), the great- 

 est of the Italian opera composers, was born 1792. He 

 was the son of a strolling horn-player. He studied music 

 at the Lyceum of Bologna. Among his 

 chief operas are "Tancredi" (1813), "II Barbiere di 

 Seviglia" (1816). and "Guglielmo Tell" (1829). He also 

 composed a "Stabat Mater" (1842). and other Church 

 music. From 1824 onwards he lived chiefly in Paris. 



Kutli-1-liild (Gtr. pron. rot'ahilt), the name of a cele- 

 brated Jewish family of bankers and financiers. Meyer 

 Rothschild, was born at Frankford, 1743. died, 

 A as designed for the priesthood, but showed more 

 aptitude for commercial pursuits, and laid the founda- 

 tions of his family's fortune by his success as the banker 

 of the Elector of Hesse-Cassel. His son, Nathan, born 

 died 1836. went to England in 1800 as agent for his 

 r, after whose death he greatly extended his busi- 

 ness, acting in OO-Partaenhip with his brothers, who 

 resided in various European capitals. His eldest son, 

 Lionel de Rothschild, was born 1808, died 1879. was 

 elected Whin member for the City of London in 1847, but 

 take his seat until the passing of the Jewish Dis- 

 Hill (1858). Nathaniel Meyer, was born 1840. 

 eldest son of Lionel, was raised to the peerage in 1885. 

 Rousseau. .! .m .1 .i< nie s <R-*d'), French philoso- 

 i- born 1712, son of a watchmaker at Geneva; 

 was apprenticed to an engraver, but made his escape 

 into Savoy (1728). where he was found by a priest, who 

 entrusted him to the care of Madame de Warens at 

 Annecy. During the ensuing years the greater part <>t 

 < was spent in her house, but he finally quarreled 

 r and went to Paris (17 JL. win-nee in 17 1J hfl 



I ranch ambassador to '. 

 retar lie 



l.v an 



- are the most famous 

 a romance 



Rubens. IVter Paul, a distinguished Flemish painter; 

 born in Siegen. Westphalia, June 29. 1577. He went to 

 Antwerp in 1608, and was soon after made court painter 

 to the Archduke Albert, Spanish governor of the Low 

 Countries. In 1620 he was employed by the Princess 

 Mary de Medici to adorn the gallery of the Luxembourg 

 with a series of paintings illustrative of the principal 

 scenes of her life. While thus engaged he became known 

 to the Duke of Buckingham, who purchased his museum. 

 He was afterward employed by the Infanta Isabella and 

 the King of Spain in some important negotiations which 

 he executed with such credit as to be appointed secretary 

 of the I'rivy Council. He acquired immense wealth, and 

 was twice married, the second time, in 1631, to a girl of 

 sixteen. Rubens, beyond all comparison, was the most 

 rapid in execution of all the great masters, and was incon- 

 testably the greatest perfector of the mechanical part of 

 his art that ever existed. His works are very numerous, 

 and very diversified in subject. There are nearly 1(K) 

 in the picture gallery at Munich. "The Descent from 

 the Cross," at Antwerp, is perhaps his masterpiece. He 

 died in Antwerp. May 30, 1640. 



Rudolf, or Kodolf I., King of Germany, founder of 

 the Habsburg Dynasty, was born 1218; was elected 

 emperor in 1273, and. by his concessions to Gregory XL 

 at his coronation, ended the feud with the pope. A war 

 with Ottocar, King of Bohemia, was terminated by the 

 defeat and death of the latter in 1278. His son. U , -.- 

 ceslaus, did homage to Rudolf for Bohemia and Moravia. 

 Rudolf curbed the power of the nobles, and granted 

 charters to many towns. Died, 1291. 



Rudolf II., Clerman emperor, son of Maximilian II.. 

 i born in Vienna in 1552; became King of Hungary in 1573. 

 I and of Bohemia three years later; ascended the imperial 

 throne in 1576; indolent and incapable, he left the 

 empire to the care of worthless ministers; disorder and 

 foreign invasion speedily followed; persecution inflamed 

 the Protestants; by 1611. his brother. Matthias, sup- 

 ported by other kinsmen, had wrested Hungary and 

 Bohemia from him; had a taste for astrology and al- 

 chemy, and patronized Kepler and Tycho Brahe. Died, 



R"U in ford. Benjamin Thompson, Count, was 



born in Wobtirn, Massachusetts, March 'J6. 17.">3. He 

 was an American scientist, noted especially for his suc- 

 cessful endeavors to apply the principles of natural phi- 



a prise, offer fl t.v the Acad- 

 y attacking the mi 



losophy to practical uses. He was originally a teacher 

 at Rumford, near Concord, in his native State; but, 

 having taken part in the political movements of the 

 time, he was sent to England by General Washington 

 as the bearer of despatches. There he occupied for a 

 time the position of under-eecretary of state in the 

 colonial office; and then returned to America, where he 

 fought on the royal >ide. Afterwards he entered the 

 service of the Kiim of Bavaria, and effected many reforms 

 in that kingdom, in return for which he was 

 Count of the Holy Roman Empire, choosing R_ 

 for his titular designation. In 1795 he was once ____ 

 in London, where he assisted in founding the Royal Insti- 

 tution. In 1802 he took up his residence in Paris, where 

 he married the widow of the celebrated chemist, Lavoi- 

 Mer; Init. having separated from that lady, he n 

 to Auteuil. where he remained until his death. I 

 literary works of Importai 

 nomical. and Philosophical " 1798 

 of "Papers on Natural Philosophy and Mechanics 



ays, Political Eco- 



1798-1802). and a volume 



" 



Kiim-i., IL-. .i.ih. in i.iiduiie. horn in 1804; Swedish 

 poet: studied at the I'm verity of Abo; 



rector of 



the College of Borga 1847 <>; published idyll.-. 



Of bit MbMqu< is. Dud. ls7 



nous "Jui < Kuotr. II 



IIIN Uol.lni.ir. journalist, author; was 

 i . 1867; was educated at 



' treating i. and < V 



rhe years 1766-77 he spent in . and . 



land as the guest of quarreled with him. and 



returned to France. ! 



-Ian, professor of history and philosophy. 

 Harvard: twrti in Grass Valley. Nevada 

 er 20, 1866: graduate of t 



I I D.. Uni- 



1800, D. C. L. Cod 



tonal i 



^y of 

 Mrirtant ( 





tonal taff of thr American Spectator." " KidgwayV 

 l ennessean^ 1804-08; has traveled 



! I h 



extensively in Europe, Aia. and Africa. 

 . Johns lh- (Vntury Book of Fart*"; " 



in- and 'Mm als of the World"; " 



-"** ^ 





'tor and 



<>r -.1. c 



Facts." etc. 



i!.e Standwd 



