498 



THE STANDARD DICTIONARY OF FACTS 



of noble Bohemian family; after sen-ing against the 

 Turks, the Venetians, and Bethlen Gabor, raised an 

 army at his own expense, in 1626. for the emperor, and 

 defeated Mansfeld and the Danes. In 1630. he was de- 



rived of his command by the jealousy of the League, 

 ut was soon recalled to oppose Gustavus Adolphus. 

 edish king was repulsed at Breitenfeld (1632). 

 but Wallenstein was defeated at Liitzen. where Gustavus 

 fell. After his defeat he negotiated with France, and 

 having been outlawed by the emperor, was assassinated 

 at Eger, 1634. 



>\ alter. Thomas I'stiok, an American architect; 

 born in Philadelphia. Pa.. September 4, 1804. In 1833, 

 he made the designs for the Girard College building. 

 which on its completion in 1847, was pronounced the 

 finest specimen of classic architecture in the United 

 States. His next great work was the breakwater at 

 Laguayra for the Venezuelan Government. In 1851, 

 his design for the extension of the National Capitol at 

 Washington, D. C., was adopted. Having been ap- 

 pointed government architect, he removed to Washing- 

 ton, and remained there till the completion of the work 

 \\ h:lr in \V:t-hin^t< >n he :il><> designed the ex- 



tensions of the patent office, treasury, and post-office 

 buildings, the dome of the capitol, and the government 

 hospital for the insane. He died in Philadelphia, Pa., 

 October 30. 1887. 



Ward, Elizabeth Stuart Phelps, author; born in 

 Boston. Mass., August 31. 1844; daughter of Rev. Austin 

 and Elizabeth Stuart Phelps; married October 20, 1888, 

 Herbert D. Ward began to write for press when 13 

 years old. Author: "The Gipsy Series " (four volumes), 

 "The Gates Aiar," "Men, Women, and Ghosts," "The 

 Trotty Book, "Hedged In," "The Silent Partner," 

 "What to Wear," "Trotty's Wedding-Tour and Story 

 Book," "Poetic Studies," "The Story of Avis," "Sealed 

 Orders," "Friends," " Doctor Zay," " Beyond the Gates," 

 "Songs of the Silent World," "Old Maids, and Burglars 

 in Paradise," "The Madonna of the Tubs," "The Gates 

 Between," "Jack the Fisherman," "The Struggle for 

 Immortality," "Come Forth" (with Herbert D. Ward), 

 'The Master of the Magicians" (with Herbert D. Ward), 

 " Fourteen to One," " Donald Marcy," " A Singular Life," 

 "The Supply at St. Agatha's," "Chapters from a Life," 

 "The Story of Jesus Christ," "Within the Gates," "Suc- 

 cessors to Mary the First," "Avery," "Trixy," "A Lost 

 Hero" (with Herbert D. Ward). 



Warren, Samuel, born in 1807; English lawyer and 

 writer, whose chief works were "Diary of a Late Physi- 

 cian." "Ten Thousand a Year," and "The Moral and 

 Intellectual Development of the Age"; was appointed 

 master in lunacy in 1859. Died, 1877. 



Warwick, Richard Neville, Earl of, "the king- 

 maker"; born about 1420; was created earl in 1449, 

 and joined the Yorkists, getting Edward IV. crowned 

 by his influence, and defeating his enemies at Towton 

 (1461); quarreled with Edward, and restored Henry VI. 

 in 1470. but was defeated and slain (1471), at Barnet 

 next year. 



Washington, Booker Taliaferro, principal of 

 Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute since 1881 ; 

 born near Kale's Ford, Va., about 1859; of African 

 descent; graduated from Hampton Institute, Virginia, 

 1875 (A. M., Harvard, 1896; LL. D., Dartmouth, 1901); 

 was teacher at Hampton Institute until elected by State 

 authorities as head of Tuskegee Institute, which he organ- ; 

 ized and has made successful; is writer and speaker on 

 racial and educational subjects. Author: "Sowing and ' 

 Reaping," "Up From Slavery," " Future of the American j 

 Negro, "Character Building," "Story of My Life and 

 Work," "Working With Hands," "Tuskegee and Its 

 People." 



Washington, George, illustrious American patriot, 

 general, and statesman, and first President of the United 

 States; was born in Westmoreland County. Va., February 

 22, 1732. He descended from an old family of Leicester- 

 shire, England, one of whose cadets, his great-grand- 

 father John, emigrated to Virginia in 1657. Washington 

 inherited a considerable farm on the banks of the Rap- 

 pahannock, and after leaving school in 1747, passed much 

 of his time with Lord Fairfax, and the latter's cousin, 

 Sir William, both great feudal proprietors in the colony. 

 Between 1748-1751, young Washington was employed 

 by Lord Fairfax in surveying certain outlying properties 

 of his beyond the Blue Ridge, and, at the age of 19, was 

 appointed adjutant-general (holding the rank of major) 

 of one of the military districts formed in Virginia at the 

 outbreak of the war with France. In 1754, Washington, 

 as lieutenant-colonel, defeated the French on the frontier, 

 and afterwards accompanied General Braddock as aid- 

 de-camp in his untoward expedition against Fort Du- 

 quesne. In the following year he was made commander- 

 in-chief of the forces ordered to be raised by the Assembly 



of Virginia for the defense of the provinces, and com- 

 manded a division of the force which took Fort Duquesne 

 in 1758. Marrying in the next vear, Washington re- 

 signed his commission, and settled down at Mount Vernon 

 as a planter, and occupied himself for some years in the 

 cultivation of his enlarged estate. Though long a mem her 

 of the House of Burgesses, Washington does not appear 

 to have taken any prominent part in its deliberations; 

 although, in 1773, he became one of the delegates to the 

 \\ illiamsburg Convention, met to declare the ri^ht of the 

 colonists to self-government, and in 1774, one of the 

 five representatives of Virginia at the General Congress 

 in Philadelphia. 



On the breaking out of armed resistance to the home 

 country, the Continental Congress at once conferred the 

 chief command upon Washington. The latter found 

 himself entrusted with a task of no ordinary weight and 

 responsibility. In the face of well-appointed and suc- 

 cessful British armies already on American soil, he had to 

 oppose to them undisciplined and raw militia, ill-found 

 in war material, and with a government to fall back upon 

 almost destitute of both money and credit. He, how- 

 ever, proved himself equal to the exigency of the situa- 

 tion, and met the enemy at Long Island, N. Y., where he 

 was defeated with heavy loss, and compelled to make a 

 disastrous retreat through the Jerseys into Pennsylvania. 

 ! In 1776-77, he gained advantage at Trenton and Prince- 

 ton, only to be badly defeated at Brandy wine, on Septem- 

 ber llth of the latter year, thus allowing the British troops 

 to occupy Philadelphia. The surrender of Burgoyne at 

 Saratoga, in the following month, served to brighten the 

 American cause, since it procured for the colonists the 

 support of France. In 1778, Washington fought an 

 indecisive battle at Mpnmouth courthouse with Sir 

 Henry Clinton, after which he was compelled to remain 

 in defensive inactivity, in consequence of the destitute 

 condition of his army and the exhaustion of the public 

 treasury, until July, 1780, when a French army of 6.000 

 men arrived to the assistance of the insurgents. In that 

 year, too, occurred the treason of General Arnold, and 

 the sad episode of the fate of Andre". In 1781, the 

 Articles of Confederation between the States were ratified, 

 and the war was transferred to the South with varying 

 success. This state of things lasted until September of 

 that year, when reinforcements having arrived from 

 France, the combined American and French armies 

 advanced upon Yorktown, \vheie the British cornman- 

 der-in-chief, Lord Cprnwallis, was forced to capitulate, 

 surrendering his entire force of 7,000 men. This event 

 closed the war; a definitive treaty of peace being signed 

 at Paris, September 3, 1783, in which the English Gov- 

 ernment recognized the independence of the United 

 States. 



In the December following, General Washington 

 resigned his commission and retired into private life, 

 from which he was again called forth, in 1787, to preside 

 over the National Convention assembled in Philadelphia 

 to consolidate the National Constitution and place the 

 federal system of government upon a firm and permanent 

 basis. This accomplished, on February 4, 1789, General 

 I Washington was elected to the presidency of the newly 

 I constituted nation, and in 1792, reflected to the same 

 high office. The chief events which signalized his 

 administration were the rise of the two great political 

 parties, the Federalists and the Democrats (or Republi- 

 cans), to the former of which Washington naturally 

 belonged, both by principal and policy; and a new 

 treaty entered into with England, in 1795, which 

 | evoked great animosity against Washington and his 

 | government on the part of the Democratic party 

 headed by Jefferson, on account of his hostile attitude 

 against the Jacobinism of revolutionary France. Wash- 

 ington declined a third nomination to the presidency, in 

 1796, and, after a " Farewell Address to the People of the 

 United States," the "Father of his Country" sought his 

 well-won repose, passing the close of his days at Mount 

 Vernon, where he died, December 14, 1799. 



Watson, John ("Ian Maclaren"), born in 1850; till 

 1893, Dr. Watson was known as a popular preacher and 

 able minister, and in that year he acquired additional 

 distinction and wider fame by writing a series of Scotch 

 idyls for the "British Weekly," under the title of "Be- 

 side the Bonnie Brier Bush " they became widely popu- 

 lar in the United States and Great Britain. "The Days 

 ; of Auld Lang Syne," a second series of idyls, published 

 I in 1895, also reached a large circulation. A novel from 

 Dr. Watson's pen, " Kate Carnegie and Those Ministers," 

 was published in 1896. "The Upper Room" and "The 

 1 Life of the Master" are perhaps his best known religious 

 works. Died, 1907. 



Watson, Thomas E., lawyer, ex-congressman; 

 born in Georgia, in 1856; studied two years in Mercer 

 College; taught school; admitted to bar, 1875; prac- 



