504 



THE STANDARD DICTIONARY OF FACTS 



ter. Mass., since 1902. Appointed by president member 

 and recorder of United States anthracite strike commiss.on 

 1902. Member of board of trustees of Carnegie Institute, 

 Washington. Author: "The Factory System of the 

 United States," " Relation of Political Economy to the 

 Labor Question," "The Social, Commercial, and Manu- 

 facturing Statistics of the City of Boston," "History of 

 Wages and Prices in Massachusetts. 1752-1883," "The 

 Industrial Evolution of the United States," "The 

 Public Records of Parishes, Towns, and Counties in 

 Massachusetts." "Outline of Practical Sociology," "His- 

 tory and Growth of the United States Census. 



>> > ( liffe, John, born in 1324; divine; actively op- 

 posed the Medicant Friars, and -in 1361, was elected mas- 

 ter of Balliol Hall; obtained the favor of John of Gaunt 

 by his reply to the pope's claim for tribute, and, in 1374, 

 obtained the living of Lutterworth. In 1377, he was 

 summoned to St. Paul's to answer a charge from the pope 

 of heretical opinions, but was protected by the court. 

 Next year he was again accused but with no effect, and 

 after this he was occupied with his translations of the 

 Bible and attacks on transubstantiation, his opinions on 

 which he was forced partially to withdraw, and was 

 expelled from Oxford. Died. 1387. 



\.i\i.-r. M. I rancls (z&v-e-a'), a Jesuit missionary, 

 styled usually the "Apostle of the Indies," was born in 

 1506, of a noble family, in the north of Spain. He was 

 a student of Sanite Barbe in Paris, took to philosophy, 

 became acquainted with Ignatius Loyola, and was 

 associated with him in the formation of the Jesuit Society. 

 He was sent, in 1541, under sanction of the pope, by 

 John III. of Portugal, to Christianize India, and arrived 

 at Goa in 1542. from whence he extended his missionary 

 labors to the Eastern Archipelago, Ceylon, and Japan, 

 in which enterprises they were attended with signal 

 success. On his return to Goa, in 1552, he proceeded 

 to organize a mission to China, in which he experienced 

 such opposition and so many difficulties that on his way 

 to carry on his work there he sickened and died, and was 

 buried at Goa. Xavier was beatified by Paul V. in 1619, 

 and canonized by Gregory XV. in 1622. 



Xenophon, born in 430 B. C. ; a Greek historian and 

 philosopher; Xenophon played an important part in the 

 adventurous retreat known in history as the " Retreat of 

 the Ten Thousand," the description of which he wrote in 

 "Anabasis." His other works are, "Memorabilia," or 

 "Recollections of Socrates"; "Hellenica," a continua- 

 tion of Thucydides's history of the Peloponnesian War; 

 and the " Cyropaedia," or Education of Cyrus. Died, 

 357 B. C. 



Xerxes I., King of Persia; came to the throne in 485 

 B. C., invaded Greece in 480, but was defeated at Salamis. 

 He was murdered in 465 B. C. 



Yonge, Charlotte M., born in 1823; novelist and 

 historical writer; author of "The Heir of Redclyffe," 

 "The Dove in the Eagle's Nest," and other stories, 

 besides " Landmarks of History," "Cameos from English 

 History." etc. Died, 1901. 



Young, BriKham, born in 1801; Mormon "prophet," 

 son of a New England farmer; became president on the 

 death of Smith, in 1844, and two years later led his fol- 

 lowers to Salt Lake Valley, Salt Lake City being built 

 soon after. In 1852, he proclaimed polygamy, which 

 had been condemned by the Mormon Church, and in 1856, 

 after having been United States governor for several 



years, he was superseded, troops being sent to enforce 

 the decision of the government. Died, 1877. 



Zunjovill, Israel, born in 1864; once elementary 

 teacher in Spitalfields; he became famous by his stories 

 of the Jews, of which "Children of the Ghetto," is best 

 known. English art and politics are treated in "The 

 Master" and "The Mantle of Elijah." President of the 

 .It-wish Territorial Organization. His play, "Merely 

 Mary Ann," was one of the successes of 1904. "Ghetto 

 Comedies," published in 1907, displayed throughout the 

 hand of a master craftsman. 



Zeller, Eduard, born in 1814; German philosopher; 

 haying held chairs at Marburg and Heidelberg, was ap- 

 pointed professor at Berlin, in 1872. His chief works are 

 "History of Greek Philosophy" (of which an English 

 version appeared in 1881), History of German Philoso- 

 phy since Leibnitz," "The Contents and Origin of the 

 Acts of the Apostles," and studies of Strauss and Renan. 



/i- no, a Greek philosopher, of Elea (Velia), in Italy, 

 who lived in the Fifth Century before Christ. He was 

 one of the reputed founders of the Eleatic school of 

 philosophy. Only fragments of his writings have come 

 down to us. 



Ze'no, a Greek philosopher, who flourished in the 

 Third Century before Christ. He was a native of Citium, 

 in the island of Cyprus, but most of his life was spent in 

 Athens. He was the founder of the Stoic school of 

 philosophy, a name derived from the Painted Porch 

 (Stoa Poikile), in which he was accustomed to meet his 

 disciples. He is said to have lived to the age of 98 years. 



Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra (Third Century), married 

 Odenathus, who was named "Augustus" by Gallienus 

 in 264, and on his death, three years later, reigned alone; 

 but in 272 Aurelian invaded her territories, defeated 

 and captured her and took her to Rome in 274. 



Zinzendorf, Nicolaus von Graf, born in 1700; 

 founder of the Moravian settlement at Herrnhut; trav- 

 eled much in America for religious purposes, and in 1737, 

 met John Wesley in London. Died, 1760. 



Zola, Emile, born in 1840; French novelist of the 

 "naturalist" school, began life as an employ** of the 

 Hachette firm, but in 1863 published "Contes a Ninon." 

 Among his chief works are "The'rese Raquin," "Les 

 Rougon Macquart," a series of which "L'Assommoir" 

 and "Nana, Germinal La Terre," "La B6te Humaine," 

 " La Debacle," etc., are the most striking. Died, 1902. 



Zoroaster, an ancient philosopher, of whose history 

 little or nothing that is authentic is known. There are 

 supposed to have been several of the name. The most 

 celebrated, however, the Zerdusht of the Persians, is 

 believed to have been the reformer of the Magian system 

 of religion, and the author of the Zendavesta, which 

 contains the doctrines that he taught. Irreconcilable 

 differences exist among the learned as to the time in 

 which he flourished. Volney fixes his birth 1250 B. C. 



Zwinglc, or Zwingli, Ulrlch, born in 1484; Swiss 

 reformer; served in Italy as a soldier, visited Erasmus 

 at Basel, in 1514. and two years later at the monastery 

 of Einsiedlen began to preach freely. In 1519, he was 

 appointed to the cathedral at Zurich, having previously 

 opposed the sale of indulgences by Sansom. Attempts 

 were made to prohibit his preaching, but the reformation 

 grew at Zurich. In 1529, Zwingle met Luther and 

 Melanchthon at Marburg, but two years later he fell in 

 the battle of Kappel in the war with Berne. Died, 1531. 



