GEOGRAPHY, TRAVEL, ARCHITECTURE 



511 



of a mile long, upward of 200 feet high, and con- Their earliest works are the hypogea or spea, 



tains three tiers of arches, 242 in each tier, with wherein their dead were interred, and which 



fifty feet span served also as subterranean temples. These 



The new Croton aqueduct of New York is the were the prototypes of the open-air temples, of 



fiii"-t of modern times. The old Croton was which the most ancient example is perhaps that 



l_i_J io<0 1 : I . C. * 4 1_ TL. _ _1 _ -\ r 



completed in 184L'. having been five years in 

 building. The whole expense, including $1,800,- 

 right of way, and other 



at Ainada. The plan is very similar to that of 

 th< hypogea, or caves. The walls, ceilings, and 

 columns were decorated with figures in bas-relief 



000 for distributing pipes, ri^ 



outlays, was $10,375,000; including commis- and hieroglyphics richly colored, generally with 

 - and interest, the cost was $12, 500,000. Its yellow, red, green, and blue. The palaces \ 



length, from its source at the Croton River to the constructed upon a plan very similar to that of 



distributing reservoir on Fifth Avenue and 40th the temples. Besides their wonderful cities of 

 . is forty and a half miles. It is carried the dead, the Egyptians reared their stupendous 



through sixteen tunnels, having an aggregate | pyrami* Is, the most gigantic monuments existing, 

 h of 6,841 feet, cut mainly through gneiss 1 he pyramidal shape pervades most of their 



rock. A large part of the open cutting is also works, the walls of their temples inclining 



rock work. A dam across the Croton River inward. Columns were employed to form port i- 

 1 the water forty feet and formed the Croton coes to their interior courts, and also to support 

 . which covers about 400 acres. From the ; the ceilings. The shafts, of different forms. 



dam to the Harlem River, nearly thirty-three 



mill-:, the aqueduct is of stone, brick, and cement 



1 over and under, except in the rock tunnels 



where the roofing arch is dispensed with. Its 



ty is 115,000,000 gallons daily. The new 



Croton aqueduct was completed in 1890 at a 



co^ of $20,000.000, and, together with that of 



Vienna, is the most important of modern times*. 



A <j u it a ilia, the Roman name of a part of 

 Caul, originally including the country between 

 the Pyrenees and Garonne, but afterwards en- 

 larged by the Emperor Augustus, when he di- 

 vided Gaul into four provinces, by the addition 

 to it of the country between the Garonne and 

 the Loire (A. D. 27). From 1152 to 1451 Aqui- 

 taine was, except for several brief periods, an 

 English possession. It afterwards was named 

 Cuicnne, and now forms the departments of 

 Gironde and Lot-et-Garonne. 



Architecture (ar'-ke-tekt-yur), the art of 

 building, embracing every kind of structure 

 except works of defense and ships. Throughout 

 the globe remains of edifices proclaim an early 

 possession of certain degrees of architectural 

 Knowledge. The most remarkable vestiges of 

 these primitive structures, save the Celtic monu- 

 wert once supposed to be the works of 

 or Cyclops like those mentioned in the 

 Cklyssey. By whom they were erected, however. 

 is unknown, though they have been attributed 

 t< the Pelasgians. The walls of the cities and of 

 the sacred enclosures and tombs were composed 

 of blorks of stone of a polygonal form well 

 adjusted. No cement was usedf, the interstices 



tilled with small stones. At tim- 



present borijootal layers whose upright joints 



are variously inclined. At Mycenae and Tiryns 



. examples are to be found. No entire 



architectural monument has come down to us 



from P.abylon or Nineveh, nor from tin- Pheni- 



iie Hebrews, the Syrians, thr Phili-tim -s. 



being conical, or cylindrical, or bulging out at 

 the base, sometimes presented a smooth surface; 

 they were rarely fluted, and generally covered 

 with hieroglyphics. The capitals resemble the 

 lotus, either spreading out at the top or bound 

 together, assuming the bulbous shape; above 

 is a square tablet forming the abacus. The 

 Grecian monuments belonged to the states, 

 and upon the public works the governments 

 lavished fabulous sums. Hence the Grecian 

 cities were adorned with temples, tl. 

 odeons, gymnasiums, choragic monuments, and 

 the like. 



The earliest architectural remains of Greece 

 are of unknown antiquity, and consist of mas- 

 sive walls built of huge blocks of stone. In 

 historic times the Greeks developed an archi- 

 tecture of noble simplicity and dignity. This 

 style is of modem origin compared with that of 

 Egypt, and the earliest remains give indications 

 that it was in part derived from the Egyptians. 

 It is considered to have attained its greate 

 fection in the age of Pericles, or about 460-430 

 B. C. The great masters of this period were 

 Phidias, Ictinus, Calibrates, etc. All the extant 

 buildings are more or less in ruins. Th- 

 is characteri/.ed by beauty, harmony, and sim- 

 plicity in the highest degree. Distmethn 



are what are called the //n/rr.s- of architecture, by 

 wjiich term are understood certain modes o*f 

 proportioning and decorating the column and 

 its superimposed entablature. The Greeks had 



three Orders, called respectively the /' 

 and Corinthian. Creek buildings were abun- 

 dantly adorned with sculptures, and painting 

 was extensively used, the details of the structures 



being enriched bv different colors or tints. Low- 

 ness pf roofs and the ab-ence of arches were dis 

 tmrhve ft-ai -'ek architecture, in which, 



as in that of Egypt, horizontally of line is an- 

 other characteristic mark. The most r. nmrk- 



iny other nations. Of the very ancient able public edifices of the 

 Chines- monuments, too. we ha ace. , of which the most the Parthenon at 



m. and the islands i>f the Indian Ocean ' A then-. ( Mli. i - . \i-j ui various parts of ( ircece 

 -.-I in ancient ruins once sacred to the as well as in Sicily. Southern Italy, Asia Minor, 

 divinities ,,f the Hiiddhi-t laith. The Hindoo etc.. when- important Ctvk communities were 

 rkable for their colossi tied Their theaters were semi-circular 



md their - \ . re and grotesque appear- 1 on one side and square on tin- t her. the s<-mi- 

 The architectural types of all other circular part being usual 

 ure- of antiouity sink into ment hill idi- 



when compared with "those of the Egyptians, inrium. was tilled with concentric seats, and 



