GEOGRAPHY, TRAVEL, ARCHITECTURE 



513 



the Sixteenth Century, the classic taste prevailed 

 throughout Europe, and hence the different 

 names, cinouecentn. n-nuissance, revival, given 

 to that style which supplanted everywhere the 

 so-called Gothic architecture. BruneOeachi of 

 Florence (died 1444) was among the first to 

 encourage and disseminate this taste for a return 

 to the classic architecture. He had numerous 

 dwtmguished followers, among whom wen- 

 Albert i. Hramante. IVruxzi. Sangallo, San Mieh- 

 eli. I'alladio, ami Scumozzi. In their produc- 

 tion- the ditTerent elements of the classic style 

 are happily introduced. The application of 

 elements to ecclesiastical, and more es- 

 |>erially to secular, structures, accounts for the 

 taken with them, among which are the 

 following: the great variety given to the inter- 

 columniation of column-: the superposition of 

 different orders, with and without broken entab- 

 lature-: the frequent use of engaged columns 

 and pilasters; the various forms given to the 

 pediments; the substitution of columns for piers 

 supporting arcades: the decoration of blank 

 WmDfl with medallions, foliage, and scrolls of 

 various sorts, together with designs of animals 

 arranged in imitation of ancient arabesques. 

 These and many other so-called liberties origin- 

 ated a style peculiarly adapted to the want- of 

 modern, civilisation. Michael Angelp made 

 many innovations. Instead of superimposing 

 several orders, distinguishing as many stories. 

 he employed one, comprising the whole height 

 of the edifice. 



The spirit of scientific inquiry of the last hun- 

 dred year-, having enlarged our knowledge of 

 architectural forms and promoted a more ex- 

 hau-tive study of the principles of the art. has 

 iriven rise to two movements directed either to 

 improving the so-called classical style, or to sup- 

 plant ing it altogether. These movements are 

 known as the Greek and the Gothic revival. Roth 

 took their oriirin in England. The Greek revival 

 A lien Messrs. Stuart and Revett 

 published ' of their researches among 



the antiquities of Attica. The Gothic revival 

 may be said to date from Horace Walpole's works 

 A- berry Hill about loo years ago, but its 

 modern development did not begin till about 



nil and the Tnited St: 



Greek revival was merely a reproduction of the 

 Greek buildings or parts of buildings; but in 

 France it showed enough vigor to throw aside 



t hods of the ancient-, and to create a 

 vie. which has been called the nfe-j 

 di.stiiinui.sh it from the Romanesque. 



founded upon Roman methods, the r<iitniti<jiic. 



The column ot July in Paris parts of tin 



the Bibliotheque Si<- 



and the Palais ,|,., | \\\\ | ),,,. 



Me. and Duban. are t! nionu- 



M.-anwhili*. in England. 



t having failed, the a- 



c.-ndancy ot the C.othie -t\l. ITM finally cstab- 

 when in dopt it 



f>r the new house- of parliament. Tin 



impulse 



<iothic movement. Subsequent works show 

 not 01.: i skill. 1 



mind, both in 

 calwork: and the " Vict " as n has 



been called, differs as much from the various 

 Gothic stylo of the Middle Ages as they differ 

 from each other A similar movement has mean- 

 while been going on in France and Germany. 

 but less successfully. In Germany the proper 



I pointed Gothic has been taken up, stimulated 

 by the great works for the completion of the 

 Cologne cathedral. The Votive Church at 

 Vienna is perhaps the most noteworthy 

 ample of this movement. The adherents of the 



I Gothic revival in this country are as numerous 

 and devoted as those of the Greek revival; but 

 there is less partisanship here than abroad, 

 and it is more common for architects to practice 

 in both ways at once. 



America can hardly claim to have produced 

 a special school of architecture, but there are 

 many public edifices that deserve to be men- 

 tioned as specimens of architectural beauty. 

 Many of our best architects are now designing 

 in what is termed the "colonial" style, which 

 is an adaptation of the Dutch style so much in 

 vogue in this country during the last two cen- 

 turies. Comparatively little attention was 

 paid to architecture before the Civil War, but 

 the growing taste and prosperity of the country 

 have enabled architects to erect many hand- 

 some dwelling-houses, which will in no way 

 suffer by comparison with those of European 

 cities. Brick, stone, and iron are now much 

 used in this country, and the Gothic style has 

 been widely adopted for church edifices. Trinity 

 Church in New York, completed in 1846, one 

 of the first great Gothic edifices of stone in the 

 I'nited States, Grace Church, and St. Patrick's 

 Cathedral, in the same city, are fine specimens 

 of that style. The Temple Emmanuel is a re- 

 production of Saracenic forms. The Roman 

 Catholic Cathedral in Philadelphia is modeled 

 after the Italian edifices of the time of Michael 

 Angelo. Trinity Church, of Boston, is the 

 best example of the Romanesque, influenced 

 by the Byzantine, copied from edifices erected 

 in France during the Twelfth Century. The 

 new "Old South Church" in Boston, is a build- 

 ing of strong form and decoration. The mus- 

 eum of art in the same city inclines to tin- 

 tian (iothic. and among the more prominent of 

 the later renaissance buildings are the I'.o-t.-n 

 and New York post-oflices. built of granite, 

 brick, and iron. The lofty "Tribune" building ia 

 a noticeable feature of the lower part of New 

 York. The War. State, and Navy building, 

 of Washington. | >. < | he Grand Central 

 railroad depot of New York, and the new Lowell 

 and Providence deimts in Boston, an* splendid 

 and well appointed structures. The capitol 

 at Washington, th< -one of which was 



laid in IT'.t.l. is in the style ot t< nai.Sftance. 

 tensive additions have been made to both \\ 

 IViii. The material u-ed is a hand 

 in til. 1.'. the original building being of sandstone. 

 The tre.i-ury building ami the patent office are 

 in the Creek style, -m are the sub-treasury and 



custom ! . College. 



Philadelphia, and the | ; itol. 



MI public buUdmgfl in Gothic t. .nil. a luuh rank 

 must be niveit to the Connecticut State capitol 

 at Hartford, the new capitol at Albany. N. Y . 

 and the Ohio capitol at Columbus. In Florida. 



