GEOGRAPHY, TRAVEL, ARCHITECTURE 521 



ous other literary and scientific institutions, a Cast at night into a confined cell, twenty feet 

 museum of natural history, a public library, square the notorious "Black Hole" they 



and a score of newspapers. Population, 1,000,- 

 250. 



Buffalo, a city of Now York, capital of 



square the notorious " Black Hole " they 

 endured the most unheard-of sufferings, and in 

 the morning it was found that onlv twenty- 

 three out of 146 had survived the horrors of 



Erie County, is at the east end of Lake Erie, that night. The city remained in the hands 

 and at the head of Niagara River, and 410 miles of the enemy until* eight months afterward. 

 by shortest railroad line northwest of New Yovk. when ('live arrived from England. In con- 

 It lias a capacious harbor, protected by an junction with Admiral Watson, Clive succeeded 

 miter breakwater, besides other breakwaters, in recapturing Calcutta, and afterward concluded 



basins, and canals. The city i< guarded 

 y Fort Porter, which stands on a bluff over- 

 looking the river. The International iron rail- 

 way bridge spans Niagara River at Black Rock. 



a peace with the nawab. During the last cen- 

 tury the city has grown greatly in importance, 

 and in its public institutions and arcnitecture 

 it now rivals the leading capitals of Europe. 



The commercial importance of Buffalo dates | Calcutta is the headquarters of the governor- 



from the completion of the Erie Canal, in 1825. general of India, and the seat of the government. 



chief marine business is the receiving, the supreme courts of justice, and of the court 



storing, and transferring of grain. The live- of appeal for the province of Bengal. Popula- 



stock trade is enormous, and the lumber trade tion, 1,026,987. 



including the suburb of Tonawanda) is the Campanile (k&m-pa-ne'le), a tower for 



largest in the world. Manufactories are numer- the reception of bells, principally used for church 



embracing extensive machine-shops, auto- purposes, but now sometimes for dom 



mobile shops, car shops, stove foundries, brew- edifices. The most remarkable of the campaniles 



flour mills, printing and lithographic es- is that at Pisa, commonly called the "Leaning 



tablishments. etc. Twenty-six lailroads enter Tower." It is cylindrical in form, and .surrounded 



the city, with over 660 miles of trackage in the by eight stories of columns, placed over one an- 



city limits more than in any other city in other' each having its entablature. The height 



the world. Buffalo has wide streets, well paved is about 150 feet to the platform, whence & 



and lighted, and generally lined with shade i plumb-line lowered falls on the leaning side 



Natural gas, piped from Pennsylvania nearly thirteen feet outside the base of the ouild- 



and Canada, is much used. It has excellent ing. 



and extensive water- works, the sup- The campanile of St. Mark, dominating all 



ply coming from Niagara Hiver. Its healthful- the surrounding buildings of St. Mark's Square, 



d by a low death-rate. A mag- Venice, was the most conspicuous landmark of 



nificent park system consists of three sections the city for over 1,000 years. The tower was 



connected by boulevards which encircle the 325 feet high and forty-two feet square at the 



city. There are churches of all denominations, base. On the morning of July 14, 1902, it fell 



numerous public schools, the high-schools, and with a great crash into the square. The 



tte normal school; various hospitals, dis- church of St. Mark and the palace of the Doges 



pensaries. orphan asylums, and the State hos- were not hurt, but the campanile in falling car- 



pital for the insane. Buffalo was founded in ried away the Sansovino Loggetta and the library 



1801, by the Holland Land Company. It was of the Royal IMace. 



burned in IMS, by the British and the Indians. Canada. Dominion of. The Dominion 



It was incorporated as a city in 1832. Popu- of Canada includes the various Provinces of 



lation (1905), 376,914. North America formerly known AS Upper and 



< 'aim, the modern capital of Egypt, and Lower Canada (now Ontario and ljml)ec re- 

 the largest town in Africa, situated' on the spectively . New Brunswick. Nova Scotia. 

 eastern bank of the Nile, twelve miles above Prince Edward Island. British Columbia, ana 

 the apex of the Delta. On the opposite bank the territories of the Hudson Bay Comp 



of the river is the small town of (Ihi/.eh. in the now styled Manitoba. Saskatchewan. All- 



,borhood of which are the three large-t of the Northwest Territories, and the Yukon 



the Egyptian pyramids. To the south of the Territories; in fact, the whole of British North 



is the site of the ancient city of Memphis. America except Newfoundland and Labrador. 



'he official residence of the Khedim Its This terriior\ . nearl\ -a- large as Kuro|>e. stretches 



inhabitants are Turks. Arab-. Copts, Jews, I from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, and is 



Armenia! . the ruling clas b, nated to contain a total area of 



almost all Turks. Population square miles, and a population of 6,504,000. 



< -il nil. i. the capital an. I metropolis ,if I rom a physical p.,int ,,f view the wlml. 

 British India, was founded !M> divided into an eastern and n western 



in the year 1686. In 1707, it had acquired division, the Ked Ki\er Valley forming the 



In iT.Mi. however, a great 



''Hie befell th' Ml! it waS UD- 



expectedlv attacked by Surajah Dowlah. the 



ij Mid. bring abandoned by :i 

 number of tho-e whose duty it was t(. 

 the place, it Was Compelled to yield after under 

 gr. Only 1 Hi men. how- 

 II into the , ,nd-: bu- 



reated with the most heartless cruelty. 



importance as a town, and was made the separating line. The eastern divi-ion 



prises three areas, presenting radically distinct 



bounded 



aspects: (1 ) The south-eastern area, b 



by the line of the <iulf an. I KiverSt. Lawrence, 

 from Belle ! a line run- 



liiliL' due. fly south to Lake ( 'lialliplain. which 

 tally" hilly, and sometimes mountainous 

 with many fine stretches of agricultural and 

 pastoral lands. (2) The southern an. I western 

 area, presenting, in the main, a broad, level, 



