526 



THE STANDARD DICTIONARY OF FACTS 



Minor and other provinces of Turkey. The 

 women of Cirvaia have long been famous for 

 their beauty. 



Cleveland, the first city in Ohio in popula- 

 tion. i> .-ituated on the south shore of Lai, 

 at the mouth of the C'uyahoga River. Its situa- 

 tion is central to great deposits of coal, iron ore, 

 petroleum, and limestone. The city has a har- 

 bor at the mouth of the river giving >afe anchor- 

 age for a large number of ships. Great break- 

 waters run out on each side of the river, forming 

 commodious eastern and western harbors. The 

 abundance of trees gives it the name of "The 

 Forest City." The C'uvahoga is spanned by 

 several bridges, and in particular by the Via- 

 duct, an elevated street and bridge erected at 

 great expense. Among the buildings are the 

 I'nite.i building, city hall. Case Hall, 



tl college, railway depot, etc. Cleveland 

 is an important railway center, has an extensive 

 lake traffic, and large manufactures, especially 

 in iron and steel; petroleum-refining and pork- 

 packing being also important industries. There 

 is a harbor of refuge constructed by government. 

 Population, 437,114. 



Cologne (ko-ldn r ) [Ger. Koln}. An ancient 

 city of Prussia, formerly capital of an inde- 

 pendent electorate of same name, and now 

 of the Rhine provinces. It connects by a mag- 

 nificent iron bridge with Deutz on the opposite 

 bank of the Rhine, is strongly fortified, and 

 ts architecturally a fine coup d'ceil of 

 mediaeval quaintness. Its cathedral, begun 

 about 1248, finished in 1880, at a cost of $10,- 

 000,000. is the most imposing structure in Ger- 

 many and the most imposing Gothic edifice in 

 the world. Cologne has an extensive commerce, 

 and is the chief entrepot between the Nether- 

 lands and the cities of Germany Cologne 

 was founded by the Romans, and reached the 

 height of its prosperity during the Middle Ages, 

 and the subsequent zenith of the Hanseatic 

 League. Population, 432,835. 



Colombia, a Republic of South America; 

 area 513,938 squares miles; population (accord- 

 government estimate), 4,000,000; capital, 

 Bogota. 



The surface of the country is extremely varied, 

 with lofty mountain* in the west, and vast plains 

 in the east scarcely above the level of the sea. 



Columbia possesses all the climates of the 

 world; perpetual snows cover the summits of 

 the Cordilleras, while the Valleys abound in the 

 rich vegetation of the tropics. In the north 

 departments and in the immense llanos of the 

 east great herds of cattle, descended from those 

 imported by the Spaniards, are reared; in the 

 central districts shorthorns and other English, 

 Dutch, and Norman cattle and horses have oeen 

 introduced, and are largely raised throughout 

 the temperate zone. Among the natural min- 

 eral products are gold, silver, iron, copper, lead, 

 coal, sulphur, zinc, antimony, arsenic, cinnabar, 

 rock-salt, crystal, granite, marble, lime, gypsum, 

 jet, amethysts, rubies, porphyry, and jasper; 

 while much of the world s platinum is obtained 

 from the upper San Juan, and the principal source 

 of the finest emeralds is at Muzo in Boyaca. 



Colombo, the capital of the island of Cey- 

 lon, on the west coast of the island, and one of 



the chief ports of Southern India. It is strongly 

 fortified both toward the land and the sea, and 

 its suburbs are very attract ive and generally well 

 built. The native population live, however, 

 for the most part in the old town, or Black Town, 

 in which many of the houses are little more than 

 mud huts; and there are many similar places of 

 abode outside the walls. Coffee and oils are 

 among the chief products of Colombo, and cinna- 

 mon is largely exported. The present name of 

 the town was given to it by the Portuguese in 

 honor of Christopher Columbus. Population, 

 158,000. 



Constantinople," called by the Turks 

 Stamboul, the capital of the Turkish Empire. 

 It is said to have been founded in the Seventh 

 Century before Christ, and it retained its name of 

 Byzantium, derived from its founder, till its 

 conquest (A. D. 330) by Constantine the Great, 

 who built a new city on the site, and gave to it 

 its present name. It came into the hands of 

 j the Turks in 1453. Situated on an arm of the 

 I sea called the Golden Horn, on the European 

 ' side of the Bosphorus or Strait of Constanti- 

 nople, the city holds a splendid position, and 

 its appearance from the sea is very striking; 

 but the streets are for the most part narrow 

 and dirty, and the houses are mostly low, being 

 built of wood and earth. It contains, however, 

 some fine public buildings, such as the Seraglio, 

 or Imperial Palace, and the Cathedral of St. 

 Sophia, now converted into a mosque. Many 

 of the mosques are very beautiful, and are 

 generally surrounded with trees and gardens. 

 The Golden Horn, on the north side of the city, 

 forms one of the finest harbors in the world, 

 On the northeast side of the harbor are the 

 suburbs of Galata and Pera, where the English, 

 the French, and other Europeans reside. Galata 

 is the seat of the commercial establishments, 

 Pera that of the diplomatic bodies. The inhabit- 

 ants of Stamboul itself are Turks, Armenians, 

 Greeks, and Jews, who have ea-ch particular 

 quarters allotted to them. The objects of 

 greatest attraction in Stamboul are the bazaars, 

 or market-places, the fountains, and the baths. 

 The Seraglio stands on the eastern side of the 

 city, and is surrounded by public offices and 

 government buildings, being altogether three 

 miles in circumference. The principal entrance 

 to the palace is called "the Porte." There are 

 upwards of 350 mosques in Constantinople, and 

 about thirty-six Greek, Roman Catholic, and 

 Protestant churches. There are more than 130 

 public baths in the city, and 180 khans or lodging 

 houses of great size, chiefly occupied by for- 

 eigners. Omnibuses and tramways have been 

 introduced, and on the Pera side of the city many 

 of the streets are well lighted The old 

 walls of the city are thirteen miles in circum- 

 ference. Population, 1,106,000. 



Corinth, a city of Ancient Greece, the 

 capital of a small, but wealthy and powerful 

 district in the Peloponnesus. It lay on the 

 southeast of the "Gulf of Corinth," which 

 stretches along the northern shore of the Pelo- 

 ponnesus; and its position on the "Isthmus 

 of Corinth," which connects the Peloponnesus 

 with the more northerly part of Greece, made 

 it a place of great importance, and the emporium 



