546 



THK STANDARD DICTIONARY OF FACTS 



bers. Manufactures, with the exception of a 

 coarse woolen stulY, are unknown. The chief 

 occupations of the Montenegrins are agriculture 

 and fishing, trade being altogether left to for- 

 eigners. The exports are sheep and cattle. 

 mutton-hams, sumach, honey, hides, cheese, 

 butter, and other agricultural produce. The 

 chief towns (in reality little more than vil- 

 lages) are Cettinje (2.0(K) inhabitants), the 

 capital; Podgorit/.a (4.000 inhabitants); Nik- 

 sich; and the seaports Dulcigno and Antivari. 

 The Montenegrins are pure Serbs and speak a 

 Serbian dialect. They are generally of tall stat- 

 ure and well proportioned. The men go at all 

 i illy armed, whatever be the occupation 

 in which they are engaged, and all be- 

 tween 14 and *5() years of age (estimated at 

 29.000) are liable' to military service. In 

 religion they are of the Greek Church. Edu- 

 cation, once neglected, is now free and com- 

 pulsory. Montenegro is nominally a constitu- 

 tional monarchy, with a state council of eight 

 members, but the prince is practically absolute. 

 The revenue is estimated at about $300,000. 

 The population is given as 245,380. 



Montreal (mont-re-dhl'), the metropolitan 

 city of Canada ; on an island of the same name, 

 in the province of Quebec, at the head of ocean 

 navigation on the St. Lawrence River. The 

 city, which is one of the most attractive in 

 Canada, contains many handsome public build- 

 ings, and is divided into distinctly marked 

 English and French quarters. The chief public 

 buildings are the court-house, the barracks, 

 Bonsecours Market, custom-house, city hall, etc. ; 

 and the principal churches are St. Peter's Cathe- 

 dral, constructed on the model of St. Peter's at 

 Rome, the church of Notre Dame (large enough 

 to accommodate 10,000 persons), St. Patrick's 

 Christ Church Cathedral, St. Andrew's, St. 

 Paul's, etc. M'Gill University, Presbyterian 

 College, Wesleyan Theological College, Congre- 

 gational College, Anglican Diocesan College, 

 Bishop's College and University, the Montreal 

 School of Medicine and Surgery, are the leading 

 Protestant educational institutions; those of the 

 Roman Catholics comprise Laval University, 

 St. Mary's College, Montreal College, Hochelaga 

 Convent, etc. There are several libraries besides 

 those of the above institutions, a natural history- 

 society with museum, an art association, musi- 

 cal societies, etc. The exports are chiefly the 

 products of the country, such as grain, flour, 

 cheese, lumber, etc., and there is a large trade in 

 furs. The principal imports are cottons, 

 woolens, and silks, iron and hardware, and tea 

 and sugar. Among the industrial establish- 

 ments of Montreal are iron foundries, distilleries, 

 breweries, sugar refineries, soap and candle 

 works; and there are manufactures of cotton, 

 silk, boots and shoes, paper, carpets, tobacco, 

 hardware, edge tools, floor-cloth, carriages, etc. 

 The Grand Trunk Railway, which connects the 

 railways of Canada with those of the United 

 States, crosses the St. Lawrence at Montreal by 

 the stupendous (tubular) Victoria Bridge, 9,184 

 feet in length, constructed in 1854-59. 



Montreal was founded by Maisonneuve, May 

 18, 1642, during the French regime in Canada. 

 On September 8, 1760, Montreal capitulated to 



General Amherst and t lie surrender of the city 

 completed the conquest of New France by the 

 English. In 1775, Montreal was captured by the 

 Americans, who sent expeditions under Mont- 

 gomery and Arnold to capture Quebec and Mont- 

 real ; and General Carleton in command of the 

 British forces at Montreal had to retreat to Oue- 

 hec. where the Americans were ultimately de- 

 feated. In 1775, the American General Wooatei 

 made his headquarters in the Chateau de Ramer- 

 gay, which still stands opposite the city hall, and 

 which was the official residence of the British 

 governors after the conquest. In this same 

 chateau, the Commissioners of Congress. Ben- 

 jamin Franklin, Samuel Chase, and Charles 

 Carroll, in 1776, met and held council under 

 General Benedict Arnold. In 1776 the Ameri- 

 can forces retreated. Montreal obtained its 

 first city charter in 1833, the first mayor being 

 Jacques Viger. The recent history of the city 

 has been an almost unbroken record of com- 

 mercial and industrial progress. Great impetus 

 was given to its growth by the opening of the 

 Canadian Pacific Railway; the first train on 

 which left Montreal for Vancouver on June 28, 

 1886. Population, 267,730. 



Morocco, or Marocco, known to the 

 natives as Maghreb-el-Aksa, "the farthest we>t." 

 is an empire or sultanate which is confined to 

 that part of Northwest Africa, bounded on the 

 east (at the Wad Kiss) by Algeria, and on the 

 south by Cape Nun and the Wad Draa, though 

 both here and on the Sahara side of the Atlas 

 the limits of the empire are rather indetermi- 

 nate. Area, about 219,000 square miles; popu- 

 lation estimated at 5,000,000. 



Morocco produces crops of the temperate and 

 tropical zones. Wheat and barley are grown 

 largely. Various gums, oranges, figs, almonds, 

 lemons, and dates are among the other vegetable 

 products. Cotton and hemp are grown for home 



I consumption. Most European fruits grow well, 

 and among other products sugar has been rai>e<l. 

 Cattle are exported; but no animals can be sent 

 out of the country without an imperial permit. 

 The inhabitants consist of six principal groups. 

 (1) The Berbers or Kabyles, of whom the Ama- 

 zigh, Shelluh, and Tuareg are only branches, are 



' the aborigines. They inhabit for the most part 

 the mountain regions, and are still only half sub- 

 dued. (2) The Arabs are descendants of the 

 invaders who came in the Seventh Century. 

 (3) The Jews were very early settlers, semi-inde- 

 pendent colonies still subsisting in the Atlas 

 and the Sus country, though most of them in 



I the towns are refugees driven out of Spain and 

 Portugal. (4) A few thousands of Europeans, 

 chiefly Spaniards, are almost entirely confined 

 to the coast towns. (5) The "Moors," a term 

 vaguely applied to all the Mohammedan inhabit- 

 ants, are really Arabs with a large admixture 

 of Spanish and other European bloods. (6) The 

 Negroes, of whom there are large numbers, were 

 brought from the Sudan as slaves. 



The Sultan is one of the most perfect speci- 

 mens of an absolute monarch existing. He 

 receives and disposes of the entire revenue. All 

 justice is bought and sold. Yet, owing to the 

 religious fanaticism of the people, and the mutual 



I jealousies of the European powers, whose repre- 



