GEOGRAPHY, TRAVEL, ARCHITECTURE 



569 



totally destroyed by earthquake and fire, April 

 18, 1906, and following. The loss amounted to 

 nearly $250,000,000 ; but with marvelous 

 the city is being rapidly rebuilt, on a 

 magnificent scale. Population, 475,000. 



Scotland, the northern division of the 

 island of Great Britain. The greatest length, 

 from north-northeast to south-southwest, be- 

 Dunnet Head and the Mull of Galloway, 

 is 287 miles. Tin- breadth varies from 1-40 miles 

 to less than thirty, the latter in the north, be- 



tween Dornoch Firth and Loch Broom. 



in the mainland are more than 



Few 



forty 





rom the sea, the country being so much 

 ted by inlets. The most important cities 



1 ilasgow, Edinburgh, Dundee, and Aber- 

 deen. 



The islands of Scotland are said to number 



her nearly 800. On the east coast they 

 are few and small ; but on the northeast coast 

 are the two large groups of the Orkneys and 

 Shetland*; while on the west coast the islands 

 are large and numerous. The west coast of the 

 mainland is generally a wild, deeply indented 

 mountain wall, presenting a series of inlets or 

 sea lochs, while toward the middle the coast is 

 cleft by two great inlets with openings to the 

 southwest, the Firth of Lorn and its continua- 

 tion Loch Linnhe, and the Firth of Clyde and 

 its ramifications running far inland. The east 



- sometimes low and sandy, but is often 



1 of steep, rocky cliffs of considerable ele- 

 vation. the chief inlets being the Firth of Forth 

 and Tay, and the Moray Firth, Cromarty Firth, 



Both from the configuration of the surface 



treasures make this part by far the wealthiest 

 and most populous. 



The chief rivers flow (roughly speaking) to 

 the east, and enter the German Ocean, the largest 

 being the Tweed, Forth, Tay, South Esk, North 

 Esk, Dee, Don, Deveron, Spey, Findhorn, etc.; 

 those entering the sea on the west are the Clyde, 

 Ayr, Doon, Deo. Nith, Annan, and Esk. The 

 Tay carries to the sea a larger quantity of water 

 than any river in Britain, but neither it nor 

 most of the others, except when they fori: 

 aries, are of much use for navigation. The 

 Clyde, however, in its lower course carries a vast 

 traffic, this being rendered possible chiefly by 

 dredging. Many of the rivers are valuable from 

 the numbers of salmon they produce. A strik- 

 ing feature of the country is tne great multitude 

 of lakes, varying in size from Loch Lomond 

 (twenty-eight square miles) to the pool-like 

 mountain tarns. In the Northern Highlands al- 

 most every glen has its lake and every mountain 

 hollow is filled by a stream or spring. Among 

 the more noted are Lochs Lomond, Katrine, Tay, 

 Earn, Rannoch Awe, Shiel, Laggan, Lochy, 

 Ness, Maree, Shin, in the \Vestern and Northern 

 Highlands; Loch Leven, in the Central High- 

 lands; and St. Mary's Loch, Lochs Ken, Dee, 

 and Doon in the Southern Uplands. 



Seasons, the four divisions or portions of 

 the year: namely, spring, when the sun enters 

 Aries; summer, when he enters Cancer; au- 

 tumn, when he enters Libra; and winter, when 

 he enters Capricorn. Hence spring is supposed 

 to commence about the 21st of March; sum- 

 mer, about the 22d of June; autumn, about 

 the 23d of September; and winter, about the 



and the geological structure, the country divides 23d of December. The diversity of the seasons 



into three divisions: the Highlands, Central depends upon the oblique position of the sun's 



lands, and Southern Uplands. The first of path through the heavens; in consequence of 



divisions lies north of a line stretching in 

 a southwe-t direction from the coast of Kin- 



.iic.-hire to the Firth of Clyde; the third is j longer, and sometimes shorter, than the nights. 



the country south of a line drawn from Dunbar When the sun rises highest at noon, its rays 



which this luminary rises to different 1 

 above the horizon, making the day sometimes 



southwest to Girvan; the country between these 

 lines forms the Central Lowlands. The High- 

 land division !>> remarkable for the number and 

 elevation of its mountain-masses, many of the 

 summits being over 4,000 feet high. The moun- 

 tain- best known by name are the Grampians, 

 which form a system or series of masses coveriim 

 a large area, and culminating on the west coast 

 KM, feet high; while fifty-five 

 milr> to the northeast rises a remarkable muter 

 teaching in Ben Macdhui the height 

 i feet. The Grampians and their con- 

 MS are separated from the mountains far- 



fall most nearly in the direction of a perpen- 

 dicular, and consequently a greater number is 

 received upon a given spot: their action also, 

 at the same time, continues the longest. The-e 

 circumstances make the difference between 

 summer and winter. 



Shanghai, a city and seaport of China, in 

 the province of Kiangsu; near the junction of 

 the liwang-pu and the \Yu-ung rivers. The 



wang-pu 

 Chinese city proper 



is 



rang 



inclosed within walls 



twenty-four feet hiirh. the streets being narrow 

 and dirty, and the buildings low. crowded, and 

 for the most part unimportant. In 1843 



tin- north by ( ilenmore or the (Ireat (Men Shanghai was opened as one of the fivo treaty 

 of Scotland, a remarkable depression stretching ports, and an important foreign settlement is 



.try from sea to sea, and 



forming, by the n-ries of lakes occupying it and 



.doniaii Canal connect ing them, a water- 



m the west coast to the east. The 



m rpland- art* also essentially a mim- 



nnmits of over 2,000 feet being 



'id .'{.< KM) feet above 



the sen. I i region, though much les, 



d than the other t\\> di\ i-ioiis, has none 



now established (with a separate government. 

 outride the ciiy walls. Shanghai has water com- 

 munication with about a third of China, and its 

 trade since the opening t tin- |x>rt has become 



very extensive 



opening 01 



The chief 



imports are cottons, 



woolens, and opium; and the exports, 



largest part 



of the foreign trade is in the hands of British and 



ican merchants. Population. l.">7.000. 

 of the monotony usual in flat countries. Though Sheffield, a municip 



tig not more than : the \\\\< md, county of York \\ 



the fertility of the soil and its mineral ing); on hilly ground at the junction of the 



