GEOGRAPHY, TRAVEL, ARCHITECTURE 



575 





greater part of the bays, firths, and rivers which' 

 communicate freely with it. The tides form 

 what are called a flood and an ebb, a high and 

 low water. The whole interval between high 

 and low water is often called a tide; the water 

 is said to flow and to ebb ; and the rising is called 

 the flood-tide and the falling the ebb-tide. The 

 rise or fall of the waters, in regard to elevation 

 or depression, is exceedingly different at differ- 

 ent places, and is also variable everywhere. 

 1 he interval between two succeeding high- 

 is also variable. It is shortest about 

 new and full moon, being then about twelve 

 hours nineteen minutes; and about the time 

 of the moon's quadratures it is twelve hours, 

 thirty minutes. But these intervals are some- 

 what different at different places. Tides are 

 caused by the attraction which the sun and 

 moon exert over the water of the earth. The 

 moon is the nearest of the heavenly bodies to 

 the earth, and the mobile nature of water leads 

 it to yield readily to the attractive influence. 

 Those parts of the waters directly under the 

 moon's vertical path in the heavens are drawn 

 out towards the moon. At the same time the 

 moon attracts the bulk of the earth, and, as it 

 were, pulls the earth away from the water on 

 the surface furthest from it, so that here also 



I the water is raised, although not quite so much 

 as on the nearer side. The waters being thus 

 heaped up at the same time on these two op- 

 parts of the earth, and the waters situated 

 half-way between them being thus necessarily 

 depressed, two high and two low tides occur in 

 the period of a little more than one revolution 

 of toe earth on its axis. The sun's influence 

 upon the tides is evidenced in its either increas- 

 or diminishing the lunar tide, according as 

 -un's place in the heavens coincides with 

 the line of the moon's attraction, or the reverse. 

 It is this difference which produces what are 

 known as spring tides and neap tides. Spring 

 tides occur at new and full moon, and are the 

 result of the gravitating influence of both sun 

 and moon; neap tides occur when the moon is 

 in her quarters, and are not so high as the 

 -I 'ring tides, the lunar influence being lessened 

 he .-im'* force acting in a direction at ri^ht 

 to it. The interference of coasts and 

 irregularities in the ocean beds cause the. great 

 iat ions as to time and range in the actual 

 'ides observed at different places. In some 

 places, ; t ^ in the German Ocean at a point north 

 > of Dover, a high tide meets low 

 ter, and thus maintains perpetual mean tide. 

 In the case cited, high water transmitted through 



its of Dover encounter^ low water trans- 

 ited round the north of Scotland, and vice 



interval of time at any place be- 

 n noun and the time of high water on the 



ill or new moon is called the estabh-h 



inent of the |>ort. 



To U\ o. railed Yeddo, t In- 



ner of the Mikado; 



on a bay of the x.an>- name; on the southeast 



coast of Hondo, the largest of the Japanese 



and connected by mil with Yokohama 



; Kanairaua. The buflc of the houses are of 



d. l.ut then- are many new buildings of hrirk 



1 stone, and an imperial palace has been 



! erected near the center, as also public offices, 

 etc. The greater part of the town is flat, and 

 intersected by numerous canals crossed by 

 bridges. The streets are generally narrow and 

 irregular. Gas and electricity have been intro- 



! duced, and the sanitary arrangements have 



, been improved. Education is well organ i. 

 and there are nearly 700 private and elementary 

 schools. Tokyo contains the imperial univer- 

 sity, and it may be considered the center of the 

 political, commercial, and literary activity of 

 Japan. Population, 1,000,000. 



Toronto, capital of the province of Ontario, 

 Canada; on Lake Ontario. Its site is low, but 



1 rises gently from the water's edge to a height 



! of about 100 feet. The Bay of Toronto an arm 

 of Lake Ontario, on the south of the city, affords 



, a commodious and excellent harbor, capable 

 of receiving the largest lake vessels. Toronto 

 has various manufacturing interests, including 

 several engineering plants and iron foundries, 

 soap works, an immense distillery, a number 

 of breweries, rolling mills, car shops, tanneries, 

 carriage factories, machine shops, cabinet fac- 

 tories, spice mills, car wheel works, pork packing 



1 plants, boot and shoe establishments, sash ana 

 door, and sewing machine factories, etc. The 



' city has large facilities for an extensive lake 

 traffic. There is regular steamboat connection 



: with all lake ports as well as those on the St. 



; Lawrence River, making the city one of great 

 commercial importance. Toronto was founded 

 in 1794 by Governor Simcoe. The town was 

 captured in 1813 by the Americans under Gen- 

 eral Pike, who was killed during the attack. 

 Since that period it has made steady progress as a 

 commercial, educational, and residential center. 



j Population, 262,149. 



Turkey. In Europe it occupies a consid- 



I erable portion of the Balkan peninsula, and in 

 this portion is situated the capital, Constanti- 

 nople, but the larger part of Turkey i- in A-ia. 

 The immediate possessions of Turkey in Europe, 

 extend from Montenegro, Bosnia. Servia, and 

 Eastern Rumelia on the north to the .Egean and 

 Greece on the south, and from the Black Sea to 

 the Adriatic, the Straits of Otranto, and the 

 Ionic Sea. In 1878 the area under Turkish rule 

 was reduced, and the Independence and the 

 limits of several of the formerly tributary states 

 extended. There are still nominally under Tur- 

 key the autonomous province of Eastern 

 Rumelia; the island of Crete; the tributary 

 principality of Bulgaria: the semi-d. 

 provinces of Bosnia. ller/e^ox ina. and 

 bazar, administered by Au-tria HUHLM- 

 number of i-land- in the ^Egean belong to Tur 

 Kgypt also is nominally prt of the 

 Turkish dominions, i:i:ro|Kan Turkey i- 1ra\ 

 eraed in different directions by nuim-rou- 

 mountain chains, but the mam systems an- the 

 Balkan range, stretching 



n Bulgaria and Eastern Uumelia to Cape 

 Kmineh on the Black Sea ; Khodo|>e. south of 

 the Shardagh and Grammos on the 

 west, continued northwest und names 



into Bosnia ami Herzegovina. The tm 

 po riant, river Ka it which drains into 



the Archipelago Sa. \\hich r 



the Van la r. the Stnima, the Mista or K 



