GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS 



611 



and 1875, the latter of which, as amended in 

 1884, 1890, 1900, and 1902, is still in force. 

 Amendments proposed in either House of the 

 Legislature, and supported by a majority of the 

 members of each, are submitted to the popular 

 vote and, if approved, become part of trie Con- 

 stitution. The Legislature, called the General 

 Assembly, consists of a Senate of thirty-four 

 members elected for four years (half their num- 

 ber retiring every two years), and House of 

 Representatives of 142 members elected for two 

 years. Any bill may originate in either House. 

 The Senate tries cases of impeachment brought 

 by the House of Representatives. Senators 

 must be at least 30 years of age, electors in 

 the State three years and resident in the district 

 one year next before election. Representatives 

 must be 24 years of age, citizens, electors 

 in the State two years, and resident in the 

 county or district one year next before election. 

 The chief executive official is the governor, 

 who is elected for four years, and possesses the 

 powers -usually entrusted to State governors, 

 including a limited pardoning power and a veto 

 which may be overridden by a two-thirds ma- 

 jority of all the members of each House. Other 

 State officials are the secretary of state, lieu- 

 tenant-governor, auditor, treasurer, attorney- 

 general, and superintendent of public instruc- 

 tion, all elected for four years. The retiring 

 governor and treasurer are not eligible for the 

 succeeding term. The State is divided into 

 115 counties. 



Monaco. Monaco is a small Principality 

 in the Mediterranean, surrounded by the French 

 Department of Alpes Maritimes, excepting on 

 the side towards the sea. From 968 it belonged 

 to the House of Grimaldi. In 1715, it passed 

 into the female line, Louise Hippolyte, daughter 

 of Antony I., heiress of Monaco, marrying 

 Jacques de Goyon Matignon, Count of Thorigny, 

 who took the name and arms of Grimalcli. 

 Antony I. died in 1731, Louise Hippolyte only 

 reigning ten months and dying in 1732. She 

 was succeeded by her husband under the name 

 of Jacques I., who also succeeded Antony I. as 

 Due di Valentinois, who was in his turn suc- 

 ceeded by his son Honorius III. This prince 

 was dispossessed by the French Revolution in 

 1792, and died in 1795. In 1814, the Principality 

 was reestablished, but placed under the pro- 

 tection of the Kingdom of Sardinia by the Treaty 

 of Vienna (1815). In IMS. ftfontOOt and Ko- 

 quebrune revolted, and declared tliemx 1\ s 

 free towns; in 1861, Charles III. ceded his 

 rights over them to France, ami the Princi- 

 pality thus became geographically an 



.<-,., when the Sardinian garrison was with- 

 drawn and the protectorate came to an end. 

 The I'rmce is an absolute ruler, there lieini: no 

 Hectivo representation within the Principality. 



The administrat isted to 



1 with a Secretary-General and a Secretary 

 of State. There w a consultative State Council 

 of live members appointed -by the Prime. 



Municipal administration is in t'he hands of a 

 tnairc and two assistants with a Con 



'inhere, all ap|x>inted by the Prince. 

 In 1819, the Government adopted the 1 

 Codes and a Court of First Instance, aa well a- 



a Judge de Paix's Court. A Court of Appeals is 

 constituted by the Prince's appointment of two 

 Paris judges who act as such when necessary. 

 The Principality has its own coinage, which is 

 current since 1876 in all the States of the Latin 

 Union; it also issues its own separate postage- 

 stamps. 



Montana adopted its first and present Con- 

 stitution in 1889. The legislative power is vested 

 in a Senate and a House of Representatives, 

 which meet in regular session on the first Mon- 

 day of January in each odd-numbered year. 

 There are twenty-six Senators, elected for four 

 years in such a manner that the Senate is renewed 

 to the extent of one-half at each biennial election. 

 The members of the House of Representatives, 

 seventy-two in number, are elected for two years. 

 Elective State officials are the governor, lieu- 

 tenant-governor, secretary of state, State treas- 

 urer, attorney-general, State auditor, and 

 superintendent of public instruction. The gov- 

 ernor has the right of appointment to various 

 offices, including those of State land agent, 

 commissioner of the bureau of agriculture, 

 labor and industry, and inspector of mines. 

 For local administrative purposes the State is 

 divided into twenty-six counties, and into twelve 

 judicial districts. 



Montenegro. Under the Constitution 

 granted by the Prince of Montenegro on Decem- 

 ber 19, 1905, the form of government has been 

 changed. It is now an hereditary Constitutional 

 monarchy with popular representation. A 

 National Assembly or Skupshtina was convoked 

 for a short term in 1905 to receive communica- 

 tion of the Constitution. An electoral law has 

 been framed under which elections took place in 

 September, 1906, for the present Skupshtina. 

 That assembly is, in future to be convoked yearly, 

 on October 31st, by the Prince. I Us members 

 are elected by universal suffrage for a period of 

 four years. Each of the fifty-six districts or 

 capitanats of Montenegro, and each of the six 

 provincial towns, Cettmj6, Podgoritza, Niksic, 

 Kola-hin. Antivari, and Dulcigno, elect one 

 representative. There are also twelve ex-officio 

 members, including the Montenegrin Orthodox 

 Metropolitan, the Roman Cathofic Archbishop 

 of Antivari, the Montegrin Mussulman Mufti, 

 six hiiih oflicials of the' state, and three gen- 

 erals, nominated by the Prince. There are 

 thus seventy-four members in all. Besides the 

 Prime Minister, there are MiniMries of the Inte- 

 rior, Justice, Agriculture, War, Foreign Affairs, 

 Finance, and Public Works, Worship and Public 

 Instruction. 



3Iorocco. The form of government of the 

 Sultanate, or I'.mpire of Morocco, is in reality 

 an al ohite despotism, unrestricted by any laws, 

 civil or religious. The Sultan is duet 'of the 

 state, as well as head of the religion. As spirit- 

 ual ruler, the Sultan stands quite alone, his 

 authority not bcine limited a in Turkey and 

 other countries following the- religion of Mo- 

 hammed, by the e\j>ounders of the Koran, the 

 class of "Ulema," under the " She.k-ul- Islam." 

 The Sultan has nix ministers, whom he consults 

 if he deems it prudent to do so; otherwise they 



are merely the executive of his d will. 



They are the Grand Vizier, the Ministers for 



