GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS 



621 



of Deputies, electors who are in possession of 

 property bringing in $250 or upwards per annum 

 vote in the first college. Those having their 

 domicile and residence in an urban commune, 

 and paying direct taxes to the state of $4 or 

 upwards annually, or being persons exercising 

 the liberal professions, retired officers, or State 

 pensioners, or who have been through the pri- 

 mary course of education, vote in the second 

 college. The third college is composed of those 

 who, paying any tax, however small, to the 

 State, belong to neither of the other colleges; 

 those of them who can read and write and have 

 an income of 300 lei ($60) from rural land, vote 

 iy, as do also the village priests and school- 

 masters, the rest vote indirectly. For each 

 election every fifty indirect electors choose a 

 delegate, and the delegates vote along with the 

 direct electors of the colleges. For the Senate 

 ire only two colleges. The first consists 

 of those electors having property yielding an- 

 nually at least $400; the second, of those persons 

 whose income from property is from $160 to $400 

 per annum. At the election of 1905 there were 

 altogether 93,622 enrolled electors for the Cham- 

 ber of Deputies, and 64,086 voted; for the Sen- 

 ate there were 24,571 enrolled electors, and 16,- 

 648 voted. Both Senators and Deputies receive 

 20 lei ($4) for each day of actual attendance, 

 besides free railway passes. The king has a sus- 

 veto over all laws passed by the Chamber 

 of Deputies and the Senate. The executive is 

 vested in a council of eight ministers, the presi- 

 dent of which is prime minister, and may or may 

 not have a special department. 



Russian Km pi re. The Government of 

 Russia is a constitutional hereditary monarchy, 

 but. in fact, the whole legislative, executive, and 

 judicial power is united in the Emperor, whose 

 will alone is law. On August 6 (19), 1905, how- 

 n elective State Council (Gosudarstven- 

 naya Duma) was created, and on October 17 

 (30) a law was promulgated granting to the pop- 

 ulation the firm foundations of public liberty, 

 baaed on the principles of the real inviolability 

 of the person, and of freedom of conscience, 

 i. assembly, and association, and estab- 

 lishing as an unalterable rule that no law shall 

 come into effect without the approval of the 

 Duma, and that to the elected of the people 

 shall be guaranteed the possibility of a real par- 

 .'ii in tho control of the legality of the 

 acts of such authorities as are appointed by the 

 Kni|.eror. The I )uma consists of members elf* ted 

 for live years and representing the governments 

 or provinces and the greatest cities (St. I 



Moscow, and twenty-six others). The 



n of the Deputies is indirect, and is 



by electoral bodies of the chief towns ,f 



ts or provinces and of the greatest 



>mposed of dele^a: by the dis- 



r town elective assemblies. In ton 

 lodgers occupying for twelve months lodging let 

 to tlirin. may vote in these assemblies, also sal- 

 of state, or of municipal or railway 



administration; in the country, all 



inate. area of land, different in i 

 . <>r .it non-industrial estate more than 

 50.000 roubles in value, are electors; the 

 voloste or peasant communities and manufac- 



tories with more than fifty work people are rep- 

 resented in the electoral assemblies by delegates, 

 two for each volost, and one for each ' thousand 

 workmen. Students, soldiers, governors of 

 provinces (in provinces governed by them), and 

 police-officers (in the localities for which they 

 act) may not vote. Under a manifesto and 

 ukases published on March 6, 1906 (N. S.), the 

 Council of the Empire is reorganized and changes 

 are made in the constitution of the Duma, 

 The Council of the Empire is to consist of an 

 equal number of elected members and members 

 nominated by the Emperor, and will be convoked 

 and prorogued annually by imperial ukase. 

 The Council of the Empire and the Duma will 

 have equal legislative powers and the same right 

 of initiative in legislation and of addressing 

 questions to ministers. Every measure, before 

 being submitted for the imperial sanction, must 

 i be passed by both the Duma and the Council of 

 the Empire, and all such as are rejected by one 

 of the two legislative institutions will not be 

 laid before the Tsar at all. Both the Duma 

 and the Council have the right to annul the 

 election of any of their members. The elective 

 members of the Council will be eligible for 

 nine years, a third of the number being elected 

 every three years. Each assembly of the Zemstvo 

 of each government will elect one member. 

 Six members will be returned by the synod of 

 the Orthodox Church, six by the representa- 

 tives of the Academy of Sciences and the Uni- 

 versities, twelve by the representatives of the 

 bourses of commerce and of industry, eighteen 

 by the representatives of the nobility, and six 

 by the representatives of the landed proprietors 

 of Poland, assembled in congress at Warsaw. 

 The congress of the representatives of the 

 Academy of Sciences, the nobility, and the 

 commercial and industrial communities for tin- 

 election of their members to the Council of 

 the Empire will meet in St. Petersburg. . In 

 those provinces of European Russia which have 

 no Zemstvo, a congress of the representatives of 

 the landed proprietors will assemble in the chief 

 town of their province to elect one member for 

 each province to the Council of the Empire. 

 All members of the Council must have attained 

 their 1 1 itli year and have an academical de- 

 gree. The president and N lent will bt 

 appointed by the Tsar. The elective members 

 Oi the Council will receive an honorarium 

 roubles ($12.50) a dav during the session. The 

 of both the 'Duma and the Council of 

 Mpire will lx public. The closure of a 

 debate may be voted by a simple majority. 

 Neither the Council of the Umpire nor the Duma 

 is empowered to receive deputations or petitions. 

 Mini-iei's will IN* eligible for the Duma and. m 

 the capacity of elected memlwre, qualified to 

 vote. Members of the Duma are paid 10 rou- 

 bles ($5) per day during session, and once a year 

 traveling expenses to and from St. Petersburg 

 at the rate of 5 kopecks per vcrst (40c. per mile). 

 Laws voted by the two Houses will be sub- 

 mitted for the imperial sanction by the presi- 

 dent of the Council of the I .mpu-e. The mem- 

 bers of both institutions will have the pi 



nal immunity during (lie session. They 

 w ill only IK* liable to arrest with the permission 



