GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS 



inated by the king and eight elected by the 

 assembly. 



Slam. The executive power is exercised by 

 the king advised by a cabinet (senabodi) con- 

 sisting of the heads of the various departments 

 of the government: foreign affairs, interior, 

 . finance, public instruction, public works, 

 war. marine, police, etc. Most of the portfolios 

 are held by the king's half-brothers and sons. 

 The law of 1874, constituting a council of state, 

 has now been superseded by the royal decree of 

 creating a legislative council. The latter 

 I >osed of the ministers of state and others, 

 -s than twelve in number, appointed by 

 wn. The total membership is now h'fty- 

 In the preamble of the royal decree it is 

 >tated that the object of this body is to revise, 

 amend, and complete the legislation of the king- 

 dom. 1 1 i > t o meet at least once a week, and it may 

 appoint commit tees of three or four members, with 

 the addition of competent outsiders who must not 

 outnumber the members. An important article 



Eiie legislative* council power to promulgate 

 us without the royal assent in the event of any 

 temporary disability of the Crown. At other 

 times the royal signature is indispensable. This 

 council has shown considerable legislative activ- 

 ity. The Siamese Malay States are administered 

 by the rajahs mostly under the control of com- 

 missioners sent from Bangkok. 



South Carolina. The first Constitution, 

 adopted in 1776, was succeeded by others in 

 177s. 1790, 1865, 1868, and 1895, the last-named 

 till in force. Amendments proposed in 

 either I louse of the Legislature, and approved by 

 hirds vote of each House, are submitted 

 t< the popular vote; if approved by a majority 

 of the voters, and by a majority of each House 

 of the next Legislature they become part of the 

 it ion. The Legislature, called tne General 

 Assembly, consists of a Senate of forty-one 

 members, elected for four years (half retiring 

 biennially), and a House of Representatives of 

 l_'l members, elected for two years. Senators 

 rnu-t be 'J..~>, and Representatives 21 years of age, 

 arid all the Legislators must be duly qualified 

 of the State. Revenue bills must origi- 

 i ate in the Houseof Representatives. The chief 

 ivc officer of the State is the governor, 

 : for two years. He iscommander-in-chief 

 m i 1 i t ia ; has power to pardon or reprieve, 

 and has a veto which may be overcome by a 

 irds vote of both Houses. He may call 

 1 sessions of the Legislature. Other State 

 ! are the lieutenant-governor, the treas- 

 urer, the attorney-general, the comptroller 

 ral. the adjutant general, and the Mipennten- 



lon. 



South Dakota. Under the Constitution 



Lh I >akot a , adopted in iss.. the Imi-lative 



is vested in a Senate and a I louse oi 



ives; but to the people is reserved the 



hat not lew than 5 percent . of t he electors 



propose measures which the Legislature 



and submit to a vote of the general 



demand him in 



respect of laws enacted by the Legislature, before 



i iws take effect, save in cases of in 

 The Constitution provides that the Senate shall 

 consist of not less than twenty-five and not more 



than forty-five members, and the House of Rep- 

 resentatives of not less than seventy-five, nor 

 more than 135 members. Both Senators and 

 Representatives must, among other qualifications 

 have reached the age of 25 years, and have 

 resided in the State for two years immediately 

 preceding election. The term of office of both 

 is two years. Any bill may originate in either 

 House. The House of Representatives has the 

 sole power of impeachment; impeachments 

 must be tried by the Senate. The chief execu- 

 tive authority is in the hands of a governor, 

 elected for two years. He himself must be a 

 qualified elector and a citizen of the t'nited 

 States, must have attained the age of 30 years, 

 and have resided in the State during the two 

 years immediately preceding his election. He 

 has the powers usually resident in State govern- 

 ors, including the limited veto and pardoning 

 powers. At the same time as the governor, and 

 for the same period, there are elected a lieuten- 

 ant-governor, who acts as president of the 

 Senate; a secretary of state, an auditor, a 

 treasurer (who may not hold office for more than 

 two terms consecutively), a superintendent of 

 public instruction, a commissioner of schools and 

 public lands, and an attorney-general. 



Spain. By the constitution of 1876, Spain 

 is declared a constitutional monarchy, with the 

 executive power vested in the king, and the leg- 

 islative power in the cortes with the king. The 

 cortes consists of senate and congress. The 

 senate is composed of three classes: those who 

 sit by right of royal or noble birth or official 

 position, 100 members nominated by the Crown 

 I (these two classes not numbering more than 180 

 | together), and 180 elected by the communal 

 | and provincial states, the church, the universi- 

 ties, and the largest taxpayers of the kingdom. 

 The elected senators must be renewed by on* 

 half every five years, and altogether wher.. 

 I the cortes are dissolved. The congress contain i 

 406 deputies, elected for five years oy ( 

 25 years of age who have enjoyed full civil rights 

 j in any municipality for two years. There U- 

 some provision for minority representation, an-i 

 for the election of ten deputi*.'--. wh... though not 

 returned in any single di3trict, yet receive a 

 cumulative vote of more than 10,000 in several 

 districts. The senate and congress are equal in 

 authority, and either of them, or the king, can 

 introduce new laws. Each of the forty-nine 

 i provinces has its own parliament, and each < 

 mune its own elected ayuntamiento, presided 

 i by the alcalde, for municipal and provincial 

 administration; and by the constitution neither 

 the executive nor the cortes can (although they 

 do) interfere in municipal or provincial admin- 

 istration, except for the protection of national 

 and permanent interests. The state religion i- 

 the Roman Catholic, nnd the public worship of 

 any other creed is forbidden. 



In 1903, the army was reorganised on the 



basis of an effective of 80,000 men; the second 



battalions of the infantry regiments and the 



fourth s< madrons of the cavalry being reduced. 



In 1907 the efTective was raised to 100.000 owing 



osed establishments at Cent a. M el Mln, and 



ngt hcning of infantry battalions 



in the Peninsula, and other u 



