INDUSTRY, INVENTION. COMMERCE 



677 



instruments permit the use of 

 power of from 2,000 to 3,000, 



magnifying \ directed against them. Trades-unions generally 

 endeavor to regulate the prices and the hours 



This invention is noticed by Leonard Digges, of labor, and in many cases the number of men 

 Roger Bacon, about A. D. 1250, 



it 1571. 



described telescopes and microscopes exactly, 

 and yet neither were made till one Metius. at 

 Alkainxr, and Jansen, of Middleburgh, mu It- 



engaged by an employer, the number of ap- 

 prentices which may be bound in proportion to 

 the journeymen employed by a master, and the 

 like. As accessories, these unions may collect 



flu in about the same time; the latter from an j funds for benefit societies, and undertake the 

 dental discovery made by his children, 1590- insurance of tools, libraries, and reading-rooms; 

 1609. Galileo imitated their invention by its but their fund, to which every member must 

 ription, and made three in succession, one | regularly contribute a stated sum, is principally 

 of which magnified a thousand times. With | reserved for enabling the men to resist, by strikes 

 he discovered Jupiter's moons and the j and otherwise, such action on the part of the 

 ihases of Venus. Telescopes became very popu- i employers as would tend to lower the rate of 

 ir, and were improved by Zucchi, Huvgens, I wages or lengthen the hours of labor. That 

 Sregory, and Newton; and finally by Martin, trades-unions enable the men to benefit by the 



[all. Dolland, Herschel, Clark, and others. 



THK LARGE REFRACTORS OF THE WORLD 



state of trade more than they otherwise would 

 have done would appear from the fact that the 

 worst-paid trades are those without unions. 

 Trades-unions are also said to have furthered 

 the safety of the laborer by producing beneficial 

 modifications of the conditions in which he 

 works. Some hostility against trades-unions 

 has been produced by the outrages of a more or 

 less serious nature of which some of the unions, 

 or members of them, have been guilty, such out- 

 rages being directed against tne property of 

 employers, or against the persons and tools 

 of non-union men. The trades-unions of the 

 United States embrace over 27,000 local organ- 

 izations, and about 2,000,000 affiliated members; 

 in late years having increased rapidly. In 1905, 

 there were 1,136 unions in Britain with a mem- 

 bership of 1,887,000. 



Trusts. A corporation derives certain bene- 

 fits from the State, and is in turn subject to cer- 

 tain State control. To avoid this State control, 

 and in order thus to enable the largest firms and 

 corporations in any particular trade to com- 

 bine, and by combined action to limit produc- 

 tion and raise prices while killing off the com- 

 petition any outsider may dare to offer, what 

 are known as trusts have been deviled. A 

 trust is merely the combination for the above 

 purposes of the large interests in any branch of 

 trade. There is no incorporation. There is an 

 agreement between the parties; the profits of 

 all are divided in certain ascertained proportions, 

 and the public cannot from any sensible sign 

 know whether or not such a combination exists. 

 Secrecy and irresponsibility are its objects. 



Turbine, a kind of horizontal water 

 made to revolve by the escape of water through 

 orifices, under the influence of pressure derived 

 from a fall. Turbines are now made after a vast 

 of patterns. The oldest and simplest is 

 the Scotch turbine, or Marker's mill .which see). 

 In another common form the water passes verti- 

 Trade*- unions. A trade society is de- cally down through the wheel between the fixed 

 in the report of the Social Science Commit- screw blades, which give it a spiral motion, and 



tee on the subject appointed at Bradford, in then strike .similar blades attached to a movable 

 1859, "as a combination of workmen to enable spindle, but placed in (he opposite direction. M 



that the impact of the water communicates a 

 rotatory motion to the blades and spindles. 

 <>r the water may be passed from the 



'as a combination o| uorkmen to enable 

 o secure the conditions most favorable 

 for labor"; and although trades-unions, as they 

 Id. almost always have other 

 bjeet ; , to that specified in 



horizontally outwards through fixed eurved 



Million, ti. ,-ir distinguish): so as to give it a tangential motion, and 



i "this sort in Great Britain thereby cau-e it to M , t on tl.e blades of the 



are considerably more than three centuries old, wheel whieh revolve- u tur- 



for there is n statute of the ye:i ;>re*sly bine has been successfully applied to the pro- 



