678 



THE STANDARD DICTIONARY OF FACTS 



pulsion of vessels, notably in the great ocean 

 liners. ' Lusitania " and " Mauretania," and is 

 sU'u< lily growing in favor. The number of vessels 

 so fitted is not large, but the development is none 

 the less remarkable when we remember that 

 pleasure, and cross-channel steamers, torpedo- 

 boat destroyers, and yachts are now fitted with 

 these engines, while ten years ago not one tur- 

 bine vessel was in service. The principal point 

 in favor of a turbine is, that it has no reciprocat- 

 ing motion, like that of the piston of a common 

 engine, and therefore the hull of a vessel is not 

 shaken so much as by reciprocating engines. 

 Turbine engines weigh much less, and occupy less 

 room, than ordinary engines of the same power, 

 so that passenger accommodation can be in- 

 creased. Usually three sets of engines are em- 

 ployed, each driving a separate propeller shaft, 

 which again conduces to steadiness of motion. 

 Type. The name given to the stamps or 

 dies which impress the letters on the paper in 

 printing. Printers, in early times, made the 

 letters which they used, but in process of time 

 the necessity for a division of labor created the 

 distinct business of type-founding. The type- 

 metal is a compound of lead and antimony, 

 with a large proportion of tin. The antimony 

 gives hardness and sharpness of edge to the 

 composition, while the tin gives toughness and 

 tenacity, and removes the brittleness which 

 antimony causes when used in a large proportion 

 without tin. The proper proportions of these 

 metals are regulated by the size of the type, a 

 greater quantity of antimony being employed 

 for small letters. A complete assortment of 

 types is called a font, which may be regulated 

 to any extent. Every type-founder has a scale 

 showing the proportional quantity of each letter 

 required for a font; and a peculiar scale is re- 

 quired for every language. For the English lan- 

 guage, the following is a type-founder's scale for 

 the small letters of a font of types of a particular 

 size and weight: 



8,500 

 1.600 

 3,000 

 4.400 

 12,000 

 2.500 

 1,700 



6.400 o 



8.000 p 



400 



800 

 4,000 



3.000 



8.000 



8.000 v 

 1,700 

 500 

 6,200 

 8.000 

 9.000 

 3.400 



1,200 

 2.000 



400 

 2.000 



200 



Beginning with the largest, the subjoined specimen! 

 show the various sizes of type commonly used on book- 

 work.. 



Eighteen Point. 



Fourteen Point. Twelve Point. 



Eleven Point. 



Eight Point. 



Ten Point. Nine Point. 



Seven Point. Six Point. 



Five and one-half Point. Five Point. Fourmd one-bur Po^t. 



ThrM and OM-half i-oiut. 



Emerald is a type now little used, and in size is 

 between Seven Point and Six Point. 



Type -writer, a machine used as a sub- 

 stitute for the pen, and by which the letters are 

 produced by the impression of inked types. 

 The essential elements in such machines are a 

 movement to bring the type into position, an 

 inking device, an impression movement, and 

 means for letter and line spacing. A successful 

 form of the machine has a series of letter keys 

 arranged in rows, to be worked by the fingers of 

 both hands, a letter being imprinted on the 

 paper (which moves automatically) each time 

 a key is struck. In recent years several type- 

 writers have been brought before the public, 

 such as the Remington, Hammond, Bar-Lock 

 etc., and improvements are made from time to 

 time. One of the latest is the "English" type- 

 writer, which has only two rows of keys, num- 

 bering twenty-nine in all. Each key works a 

 lever to which is attached a capital letter, an 

 ordinary Roman letter, and a figure. The capi- 

 tal letters and the figures are brought into play 

 by means of two small shift stops, and the print- 

 ing as it is performed is in full view of the opera- 

 tor. 



WORLD'S SUBMARINE CABLES 



CABLES OWNED BY GOVERNMENT ADMINISTRATIONS 



From the Official Documents issued by the International Bureau of Telegraphic Administrations, Berne, with 

 additions. 



