SCIENCE, EDUCATION. RELIGION 



the feet form broad webbed swimming paddles: 

 tliis section comprises the seals and the walruses. 

 Carotid Arteries. The two great arteries 

 which convey the blood from the aorta to the 

 head and brain. The common carotids, one on 

 cither side of the neck, divide each into an ex- 

 ternal and an internal branch. The external 

 carotid passes up to the level of the angle of the 

 lower jaw. where it ends in branches to the neck, 

 and outer parts of the head. The internal 

 isses deeply into the neck, and through 

 an opening in the skull l>ehind the ear enters the | 

 brain, supplying it and the eye with blood. 

 Wounds of the carotid trunks cause almost im- 



ath. 



( atholic Church, Roman. The com- 

 munity of Christians throughout the world 

 rho recognize the spiritual supremacy of the 

 or Bishop of Rome, and are united to- 

 by the profession of the same faith and 

 participation of the same sacraments. Al- 

 jh a few other points of doctrinal differences 

 ite the Roman Church from the Greek, 

 and Oriental communions, yet the 

 palpable ground of division lies in tne claim 

 supremacy in spiritual jurisdiction on the 

 of the Roman bishop. The history of the 

 Church, therefore, in relation to the 

 Churches, is, in fact, the history of this 

 im to supremacy. 

 In the minds of Roman Catholics the claim 

 supremacy on the part of the Bishop of Rome 

 sts on the belief that Christ conferred on Peter j 

 "primacy of jurisdiction"; that Peter fixed 

 see ana died at Rome; and thus, that the 

 of Rome, as successsor of Peter, have 

 icceeded to his prerogatives of supremacy. 

 l.-ttcrs of Pope Leo the Great show beyond 

 jstion that the Bishops of Rome, in the com- 

 icement of the Fifth Century, claimed to 

 and act with supreme authority; and the 

 direct challenge to this claim was made by 

 Patriarch of Constantinople, Acaciu^: anil 

 although Constantinople, in the time of Gregory 

 the Great, and again of Nicholas I., renewed the 

 le for supremacy, or even equality, the 

 superior position of Rome continued to be rc< 

 1. The separation of the Greek Church and 

 dependencies, under the patriarch Michael 

 larius, in the year H).") I. was but a narrowing 

 e territorial jurisdiction of Rome; and even 

 ''slants have recogni/ed the Roman Church 

 mediaeval period as absorbing in it -elf al- 

 the whole of European Christendom, and! 

 ly public representative of the Church 

 in the West. The modern political institut 

 which then began to break upon the world sol 

 modified the publir relations of Church and ft 

 as by degrees lo undo the condition of society 

 liich the temporal power of the popes had 

 ' foundation. 1 -volution of the Six- 



nth Century complete.! the process, Nor was 

 Jutkm With which the p-> :<niiid 



ves face lo face without its influence in 

 1 history of the Roman Church. The 

 i the Sixteenth Century was a period 

 life in the Roman Church. The < elebrn- 

 1 synods, the establishment <>f episco- 

 pal seminaries, the or-an Is, and 

 other provisions for religion lion 



above all, the foundation of active religious or- 

 ders of both sexes had the effect of arresting 

 the progress of Protestantism, which in many 

 countries had been at first rapid and decisive. 

 From the end of the Sixteenth Century, therefore, 

 the position of the Roman Catholic Church, 

 especially in her external relations, may be re- 

 garded as settled. The local distribution of the 

 rival churches in the world has hardly been 

 altered, except by migration, since that time. 

 But in her relations to the state the Roman 

 Church has since passed through a long and 

 critical struggle. The new theories to which the 

 French Revolution gave currency have still, 

 further modified these relations; but in most 

 of the European kingdoms they were readjusted 

 after 1815 either by concordat or by some similar 

 mutual agreement. The details of the doctrinal 

 system of the Roman Catholic Church will be best 

 collected and explained from the latest authentic 

 creed, that commonly called " the creed of Pius 

 V.," drawn up as a summary of the authoritative 

 teaching of tnat ecclesiastical body till the time 

 at which it was written, and published together 

 with certain later doctrinal pronouncements. 

 It is only necessary to premise that, while in 

 the view of Catholics all doctrine must be based 

 on the word of God, written or unwritten, the 

 Church is the only authoritative judge of that 

 rule of faith. The creed of Pius V. is as follows: 

 "I, N. N., with a firm faith believe and pro- 

 fess all and every one of these things which are 

 contained in that creed which the holy Roman 

 Church niaketh use of. To wit: I believe in one 

 God, the Father Almighty. Maker of heaven and 

 earth, of all things visible and invisible, and in 

 one Lord Jesus Christ, the only begotten Son of 

 God, born of the Father before all ages; God of 

 God, Light of Light; true God of the tru- 

 begotten, not made; cpnsubstantial with the 

 Father, by whom all things were made. Who 

 for us men, and for our salvation, came down 

 from heaven, and was incarnate by the Holy 

 Ghost of the Virgin Man', and was made man. 

 He was crucified also for us under Pontius Pilate, 

 suffered and was buried. And the third day he 

 rose again according to the Scriptures; he as- 

 cended into heaven, sitteth at the ri^ht hand of 

 the Father, and shall come again with glory to 

 judge the living and the dead; of whose king- 

 dom there shall DC no end. I believe in the Holy 

 Ghost, Ihe Lord and life-giver, who proceedetn 

 from the Father ami the Son; who. together 

 with the Father and the Son, is adored and glori- 

 fied: who spake by the prophet*; and in one 

 h.-ly. Catholic, and Apostolic Church. I confess 



one baptism for the remission of MIIS; an*: 



for the resurrection of the dead, and the life of 



Ihe world to come. Amen." 



The doctrine of the Immaculate Conception 

 of the Blessed Vi: .ind a still nun. 



preheiisive Ixxiy of :r the memorable 



Syllabus issued by Poj 1 l\ 1 in the de- 

 crees of Ihe Vatican Council, celebrated under 

 Ihe presidency of the same pontiff, have been 

 e former creeds. The doctrinal de- 

 "f this latter council are divided r 



..he Faith." the 

 on the Church of Christ." 1 

 contains "a scheme of doctrine." in which the 



