694 



THE STANDARD DICTIONARY OF FACTS 



been shown that in many cases of chemical 

 reaction a condition of equilibrium is M-I up 

 between the real-tint; bodies and the products of 

 the reaction. The reaction consequently Ceasea 

 without being complete, but it' the equilibrium is 

 disturbed by the removal of one of the products. 

 or by the introduction of a further quantity of 

 one of the reacting bodies, then the reaction 

 recommences, and continues until either a con- 

 dition of equilibrium is again attained, or the 

 reaction is complete. 



TABLE 



ELEMENTS 

 Antimony, . . . 

 Bismuth, . . . 



Zinc 



Phosphorus, . . 



Arsenic 



Cobalt 



Nickel 



Hydro-ren, . . . 

 Nitrogen. . . . 

 Manganese, . . 



Oxygen 



Tungesten,. . . 

 Molybdenum, . 

 Tellurium, . . . 

 Uranium, . . . 

 Titanium, . . . 

 Chromium, . . . 

 Tellurium, . . . 

 Columhium, . . 

 Tantalum, . . . 

 Palladium, . . . 

 Osmium, . . . 

 Cerium, . 



Iridium, . . 

 Rhodium, . 

 Potassium, . 

 Sodium, . . 

 Barium, . . 

 Strontium, . 

 Magnesium, 

 Calcium,. . 

 Boron, 



Chlorine, . . 



Fluorine, . . 



Iodine, . . . 



Selenium, . . 



Cadmium. . . 



Lithium, . . . 



Silicon, . . . 



Zirconium, . . 



Bromine, . . 



Thorium, . . 



Yttrium, . . 



Glucinum, . . 

 Aluminum, 



Vanadium,. . 



Lanthanum, . 



Didymium, . 



Erbium, . . . 



Terbium, . . 



Niobium, . . 



Ruthenium, . 



Rubidium, . . 



Cirsimn, . . . 



Thallium, . . 



Indium, . . . 



Gallium, . . . 



Ytterbium, . 



Samarium, . . 



Scandium, . . 



Thulium, . . 



Neodymium, . 

 Praseodymium, 



Gadolinium, . 



Germanium, . 



Argon, . . . 



Krypton, . . 



Neon 



Coronium, . . 



Xenon, . . . 



Victorium, . . 



Etherion (?), . 



Polonium, . . 



OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS 



DISCOVERER YEAR 



. . Valentine 1450 



. . Valentine 1450 



. . Paracelsus 1520 



. . Brandt 1669 



. . Schroder 1694 



. . Brandt 1733 



. . Crondstadt 1751 



. . Cavendish 1766 



. . Rutherford 1772 



. . Gahn 1774 



. . Priestley 1774 



. . d'Elihujar 1781 



. . Hjelm 1782 



. . Keichenstein 1782 



. . Klaproth 1789 



. . Klaproth 1795 



. . Vauquelin 1797 



. . Klaporth 1798 



. . Hatchett 1801 



. . Hatchett and Ekeburg, . . 1802 



. . Wollaston 1803 



. . Tennant 1803 



. . Berzelius, Hisinger, and Kla- 

 proth 1803 



. . Tennant 1804 



. . Wollaston 1804 



. . Davy 1807 



. . Davy, 1807 



. . Davy, Berzelius, and Pontin, 1808 



. . Davy 1808 



. . Davy 1808 



. . Davy, Berzelius, and Pontin, 1808 

 . . Davy. Gay-Lussac, and Th6> 



nard 1808 



. Davy 1810 



. . Ampere 1810 



. . Courtois 1811 



. . Berzelius, 1817 



. . Hermann and Stromeyer, . . 1817 



. . Arfvedson 1817 



. . Berzelius 1823 



. . Berzelius 1824 



. . Balard 1826 



. . Bendiua, . . 1828 



. . Wohler . 1828 



Wohler 1828 



. . Wohler 1828 



. . Sefstroem, 1830 



. . Mosander, I Ml 



. . Mosander 1841 



. . Mosander 1843 



. . Mosander 1843 



. . (same as Columbium, q. v.), 1844 



. . Glaus, 1844 



. . Bunsen, 1860 



. . Munsen and Kirchhoff, . . . 1860 

 . . Crookes and Lamy, .... 1862 

 . . l!<-ich and Richter, .... 1863 



. . Boisbaudran 1875 



. . Marignac, 1878 



. . Boisbaudran 1879 



. . Nilson 1879 



. . Cleve 1879 



. . Welsbach 1885 



. . Welsbach, 1885 



. . Marignac 1886 



. . \\ inkier 1886 



. . Rayleigh and Ramsay, . . . 1894 

 . . Ramsay and Travers, . . . 1897 

 . . Ramsay and Travers, . . . 1898 



. . Nasini 1898 



. . Ramsay 1898 



. . Crookes 1898 



. . Brush 1898 



. . Curie- (Mrs.), . . 1898 



M - DISCOVERER YEAR 



Rdium Curios (Mr. and Mrs.) and 



B&nonl IM.IS 



Actinium Debierm- 1899 



Must not I).- confounded with Phipson's actinium.) 



Astenum Hydrogen, Lockyer 1399 



(New) unknown. 



Thorium a. .... Hrauner, H)00 



rhonum B Brauner i.H)() 



Krypton 11 Labenderg and Krugel, . I'.ioo 



Austnum II (?), . . Pribram i )(>() 



CarqUnium, .... Baskerville '. 1900 



Radio-active lead (?), Hoffmann and Strauss, . I'.mu 



Europium Demarcay, . . 1901 



Euxenium earth (?), 



I and II Hoffmann and 1'randtl, . . I'.lOl 



Amatiluum (?),. . . Courtis, !<)(>> 



Tellurium X Pellini L9QJ 



Berzelium Baskerville 1903 



Gold, silver, tin, copper, iron, lead, mercury, and car- 

 bon have been known from the earliest times. 

 COMMON NAMKS OF CHEMICAL SUBSTA.N 



COMMON NAMKS CHEMICAL NAMI-S 



Alum Sulphate of aluminum and potas- 

 sium. 



Aqua fortis Nitric acid. 



Aqua regia Nitro-hydrochloric acid. 



[ Calomel Mercurous chloride. 



Carbolic acid Phenol. 



Caustic potash Potassium hydrate. 



Caustic soda Sodium hydrate. 



Chalk, Calcium carbonate. 



Copperas Sulphate of iron. ' 



j Corrosive sublimate, . Mercuric chloride. 

 Cream of tartar, . . . Bitartrate of potassium. 



) Epsom salts, Magnesium sulphate. 



I Fire damp Light carbureted hydrogen, me- 

 thane. 



Glauber's salt Sodium sulphate. 



Grape sugar Glucose. 



Goulard water Basic acetate of lead. 



Iron pyrites Sulphide of iron. 



Jewelers' putty, . . . Oxide of tin. 

 Laughing gas, .... Nitrous oxide. 



Lime Calcium oxide. 



Lunar caustic, .... Silver nitrate. 



Mosaic gold Bisulphide of tin. 



Muriatic acid Hydrochloric acid. 



Plaster of Paris, . . . Calcium sulphate. 



Realgar Sulphide of arsenic. 



Red lead Oxide of lead. 



Rochelle salts Sodium potassium tartrate. 



Sal ammoniac, .... Ammonium chloride. 

 Salt, common, .... Sodium chloride. 

 Salt of tartar (potash), Potassium carbonate. 



Saltpetre Potassium nitrate. 



Salts of lemon Oxalic acid. 



Slaked lime Calcium hydrate. 



Soda, washing Sodium carbonate. 



Soda, baking, .... Sodium bicarbonate. 



Soda Sodium carbonate. 



Spirits of hartshorn, . Ammonia, solution of. 



Spirits of salts, .... Hydrochloric acid. 



Sugar of lead, .... Lead acetate. 



Tartar emetic, .... Potassium antimony tartrate. 



Verdigris Basic acetate of copper. 



Vermilion, Sulphide of mercury. 



Vinegar Dilute acetic acid. 



Vitriol, blue Copper sulphate. 



Vitrol, green Ferrous sulphate. 



Vitriol, oil of, .... Sulphuric acid. 

 Vitriol, white, .... Zinc sulphate. 

 Volatile alkali Ammonia. 



Christ, Disciples of. A denomination 

 of Christians in the United States commonly 

 known as the Christian Church, or Church of 

 Christ, and sometimes called Campbellitcs. In 

 September, 1809, Thomas Campbell, a Scotch 

 minister of the seceders' branch of the Presby- 

 terian Church, then living in Western Pennsyl- 

 vania, issued a " Declaration and Address " de- 

 ploring the divided state of the Church, and 

 urging as the only remedy a complete restora- 

 tion of apostolic Christianity and the rejection 

 of all human creeds and confessions of faith. 

 The Christian Association of Washington, Pa., 

 was formed for the purpose of promoting the 



