696 



THE STANDARD DICTIONARY OF FACTS 



In June, 1906, the 82,000,000 extension of the 

 Mother Church, the First Church of Christ Sci- 

 entist, in Boston, was dedicated. At the annual 

 meeting, June, 1907, an increase of 4,000 mem- 

 bers over the previous year was reported. The 

 total membership, resident and non-resident, 

 was given at 43,876. In the Christian Science 

 Journal Directory for 1907, over 1,000 churches 

 and societies of this denomination were listed. 

 The estimated membership of these branch 

 churches is approximately 40,000. 



Chronology (Greek chronos, time, and 

 logos, discourse). The science which treats 

 of time, and has for its object the arrange- 

 ment and exhibition of historical events in 

 order of time and the ascertaining of the 

 intervals between them. Its basis is necessarily 

 the method of measuring or computing time 

 by regular divisions or periods, according to 

 the revolutions of the earth or moon. The 

 motions of these bodies produce the natural 

 division of time into years, months, and days. 

 As there can be no exact computation of 

 time or placing of events without a fixed point 

 from which to start, dates are fixed from an 

 arbitrary point or epoch, which forms the be- 

 ginning of an era. The more important of 

 these are the creation of the world among the 

 Jews; the birth of Christ among Christians; 

 the Olympiads among the Greeks; the building 

 of Rome among the Romans; the Hejira or 

 flight of Mohammed among the Mohammedans, 

 etc. 



BEGINNING OF EPOCHS, 



PERIODS 

 NAME 



Grecian Mundane Era, . . 

 Civil Era of Constantinople, 



Alexandrian Era, 



Julian Period 



Mundane Era, 



Jewish Mundane Era, . . . 



Era of Abraham 



Era of the Olympiads. . . . 

 Roman Era (A. U. C.), . . 



Metonic Cycle 



Grecian or Syro-Macedonian Era, 



Era of Maccabees 



Tyrian Era 



Sidpnian Era, 



Julian Year, 



Spanish Era 



Augustan Era 



Vulgar Christian Era 



Destruction of Jerusalem, . . . 

 Mohammedan Era 



ERAS, AND 



BEGAN 



B.C. 5598, Sept. 1 

 " 5508, Sept. 1 

 5502, Aug. 29 

 4713, Jan. 1 

 4008, Oct. 1 

 3761, Oct. 1 

 2015, Oct. 1 

 776, July 1 

 753, April 24 

 432. July 15 

 312, Sept. 1 

 166, Nov. 24 

 125, Oct. 19 

 110, Oct. 1 

 45, Jan. 1 

 38, Jan. 1 

 27, Feb. 14 

 1, Jan. 1 

 69, Sept. 1 

 622, July 16 



I). 



Chrysalis (krfs'ah-Pls). A name strictly 

 belonging to those pupce of butterflies which are 

 adorned with golden spots, but extended to the 

 pupa? of lepidopterous insects generally. The 

 chrysalis is inclosed in a somewhat horny mem- 

 branous case; sometimes very angular, some- 

 times nearly round; generally pointed at the 

 abdominal end, sometimes at both ends; and 

 before the caterpillar undergoes its transforma- 

 tion into this state it often spins for itself a silken 

 cocoon, with which earth and other foreign sub- 

 stances are sometimes mixed, so as to increase 

 its size, and within which the chrysalis is con- 

 cealed. Chrysalis are often suspended by cords, 

 and generally remain nearly at rest; some have 

 the power of burying themselves in the earth; 

 others are bound by a single silken thread which 



passes round their middle; some twirl them- 

 selves round when touched, or when the stalk or 

 leaf to which they are suspended is touched; 

 and, in general, they give signs of life, when dis- 

 turbed, by violent contortions of the abdominal 

 part. 



Cinematograph. A continuous band of 

 instantaneous photographs which are by means 

 of an arrangement similar to that of a magic lan- 

 tern projected on a screen in such rapid suc- 

 cession that the image of one remains on the 

 retina till it is succeeded by the next, and 

 so the pictures are blended and suggest tin; 

 j moving object or objects originally photo- 

 graphed a horse race, a moving croud, 

 j dancing, etc. 



Circulation. The natural motion of the 

 blood in a living animal, by which it pro 

 from the heart to all parts of the body by the 

 arteries, and returns to the heart by the veins. 

 The circulation of the blood is performed in the 

 following manner: It is returned to the right 

 auricle of the heart by the descending and ascend- 

 ing vena cava, which, when distended, contracts 

 | and sends it into the right ventricle ; from the 

 right ventricle it is propelled through the pul- 

 monary artery, to circulate through and undergo 

 a change in the lungs, being prevented from re- 

 turning into the right auricle by the closing* of 

 valves. Having undergone this change in the 

 lungs, it is brought to the left auricle of the heart 

 by the four pulmonary veins, and thence is 

 evacuated into the left ventricle. The left 

 ventricle, after having been distended, con- 

 tracts, and throws the blood through the 

 aorta to every part of the body, by the arteries, 

 to be returned by the veins into the vena cava. 

 It is prevented from .passing back from the 

 left ventricle into the auricle by a valvular 

 apparatus; and the beginning of the pulmonary 

 artery and aorta is also furnished with similar 

 organs, which prevent its returning into the 

 ventricles. 



Cloud. A collection of visible vapor or 

 watery particles suspended in the atmosphere 

 at some altitude. They differ from fogs 

 only by their height and less degree of trans- 

 parency. The average height of clouds is cal- 

 culated to be two and one-half miles, thin 

 and light clouds being much higher than the 

 highest mountains, while thick heavy clouds 

 often touch low mountains, steeples, and even 

 trees. Clouds differ much in form and char- 

 acter, but are generally classed into three 

 simple or primary forms, viz: (1) The cirrus, 

 so called from its resemblance to a lock of 

 hair, and consisting of fibers which diverge 

 in all directions. Clouds of this description 

 float at a great height, usually from three to 

 five miles above the earth's surface. (2) The cu- 

 mulus or heap, a cloud which assumes the form 

 of dense convex or conical heaps, resting on a 

 flattish base, called also summer-cloud. Under 

 ordinary circumstances these clouds accompany 

 fine weather, especially in the heat of summer. 

 They attain their greatest size early in the after- 

 noon and gradually decrease towards sunset. 

 (3) The stratus, so named from its spreading 

 out uniformly in a horizontal layer, whien 

 receives all its augmentations of volume from 



