SCIENCE, EDUCATION, RELIGION 



707 



Robert Brown. The Plymouth and Massa- 

 msetts Bay settlements in this country were 

 mnded by Congregational pilgrims in 162C 

 1628; and others, a few years afterwards, 

 Massachusetts and Connecticut. Congrega- 

 lism <:;i\o New England the distinctive 

 jter it bears in history, and, in return, the 

 jvelopment of the New England Churches, 

 ' the teachings of their pastors, gave Congre- 

 itionalism substantially its form. "From the 

 ?t settlement of New England-, there was a 

 ite but peculiar relation between the 

 lurches and the State. It was neither that 

 which the State rules the Church, nor that in 

 the Church rules the State, but rather a 

 liar blending of the two. Townships were 

 >rated with a view to ability to maintain 

 >ttled ministry, and to the convenience of the 

 >le in attending public worship. Provision 

 made by law for the support of pastors, 

 for all necessary expenses. The choice of 

 pastor belonged to the Church." Throughout 

 whole of the early history of New England, 

 affairs and discussions of Church and State 

 blended in what would now seem an ex- 

 iely curious manner. Though the doctrine 

 Congregationalism is, that, according to 

 ;ripture, every Church is confined to the 

 lits of a single congregation, "the fellow- 

 ip of the Churches nas always been main- 

 lined, and all 'matters of common concern- 

 it ' have been decided by the common 

 isent of the whole body, and sometimes 

 ibodied in the pronounced opinions of 

 ;ral bodies convened for the special occasion. 

 living the authority of any standing judica- 

 Congregationalists recognize the necessity 

 desirableness of occasional synods for de- 

 ition and advice on great public inter- 

 Tntil within recent times the Congre- 

 itional Churches had not made rapid growth 

 of the Hudson River; but, latterly, move- 

 its to spread the sect in all parts of the 

 ited States have been pushed with great 

 and the Churches have increased 



/onstellatlons are the groups into which 

 tronomers have divided the fixed stars, and 

 ich have received names for the convenience 

 description and reference. It is plain that 

 union of several stars into a constellation, 

 which the name of some animal, person, or 

 limate object is iriven. inuM !> entirely arbi- 

 nce the thfl stare) may 



united in a hundred different ways, just as 

 ination direct-. The grouping adopted l>y 



>tians was accordingly modified l>y the 



iks, tbougfa they retained the Ham. the Hull. 

 Dbg. etC.; and the < 'iivek n.n-lella 1 



dili'-d 1-y the Romans, and again l>y the 

 \t varioUl times. al>>. Chri-tiamly 

 ivored to supplant the pagan sy- 

 rable I'.ede having names of 



tuel 



Judas Schilleriu's bavin 

 ipture HAH he conMellati' 



i professor of Jena. even ^muiM><i ih- 



i iciim thfl 



all the pr ,rop- among the n>' 



The old con-lellation- have, hou 



been for the most part retained. Ptolemy enu- 

 merated forty-eight constellations, which are 

 still called the Ptolenutan. They are the follow- 

 ing: (1) The twelve signs of the zodiac (see 

 Zodiac). (2) Twenty-one constellations found 

 in the northern hemisphere the Great Bear 

 (Ursa Major), the Little Bear (Ursa Minor), 

 Perseus, the Dragon, Cepheus, Cassiopeia, An- 

 dromeda, Pegasus, Equulus (Horse's Head), the 

 Triangle, the Charioteer (Auriga), Bodtes, the 

 Northern Crown (Corona Borealis), Ophiuchus, 

 the Serpent (Serpentarius), Hercules, the Arrow 

 (Sagitta), the Lyre, the Swan (Cygnus), the Dol- 

 phin, the Eagle (Aqulla). (3) Fifteen constella- 

 tions in the southern hemisphere Orion, the 

 Whale (Cetus), Eridanus, the Hare (Lepus), the 

 Great Doc (Canis Major), the Little Dog (Cants 

 Minor), Hydra, the Cup (Crater), the Crow 

 (Corvus), the Centaur, the Wolf (Lupus), the 

 Altar (Ara), the Southern Fish (Piscis Australia), 

 the Argo, the Southern Crown (Corona A utt ra- 

 its). Others were subsequently added, this be- 

 ing especially rendered necessary by the in- 

 creased navigation of the southern hemisphere, 

 and now the different groups of stars have come 

 to be associated with all sorts of animals and 

 objects, including the Camelopard, the Fly, the 

 Air-pump, the Compasses, etc. 



Continuity, Law of. The principle that 

 nothing passes from one state to another without 

 passing through all intermediate states. From 

 this law, for instance, if it be known that at two 

 instants of time a body had a temperature of 

 20, and at another a temperature of 40, then 

 there must have been an instant between these 

 at which the temperature was 30. If a body, at 

 two different times, had velocities of tweh 

 and twenty feet per second, respe< -lively, we 

 may conclude, from the law of continuity, that 

 between these times it had all velocities between 

 twelve feet and twenty feet. The principle is of 

 considerable use in investigations on motion and 

 physical change; it was distinctly laid down l>y 

 Galileo, who ascribed it to Plato; but Leibnitz 

 was the first to apply it extensively i 

 physical theories. He established its truth by 

 the method of reductio ad absurdum. If a chance 

 were to happen without the lapse of time, tin- 

 thing changed must be in two different condi- 

 tions at the same instant, which is obviously 

 impossible. 



Contractile Force or Contmcf Hit \ . 

 That property or power inherent in certain elas- 

 tic bodies, on account of which, after \\-.\\ 



-.tended, they reduce themselves again to 

 their former dimensions, if ix'rmitted. to do SO. 

 It has been calculated from Joule's data that the 

 force exerted by heat in expanding a pound <>t 

 iron between (r and 100 (luring \\hich it in- 



about ;l v of its bulk, is equal to IG.(XX) 

 foot pounds: that is. it could raise a weight of 

 n tons through a height of one foot. An 



ipplication of this contractile force is seen in 

 the mode of securing the tires on wheels 

 tire being made red-hot, and thus considerably 

 expandetl, is placed on the ..f the 



Mid the:i COOled. 'I when cold. 



ich force as not only 

 re M-. it mi the rim. but also to pres 

 utaof the spokes into the felloe* and nave. 



