SCIENCE, EDUCATION, RELIGION 



709 



A. D. 



1245. Of Lyons, the thirteenth General, under Pope 



Innocent IV. 

 1274. Of Lyons, the fourteenth General, under Gregory 



1311. Of Vienne in Dauphine. the fifteenth General; 



Clement V. presided and the kings of France and 



Arragon attended. The order of the Knights 



Templar suppressed. 

 1409. Of Pisa, the sixteenth General: Gregory XII. and 



Benedict XIII. deposed, and Alexander elected. 

 1414. Of Constance, the seventeenth General ; Martin V. 



is elected pope; and John Huss and Jerome of 



Prague condemned to be burnt. 

 Of Basil, the eighteenth General. 

 The fifth Lateran, the nineteenth General, begun 



by Julius II. 

 12. Continued under Leo X.,for the suppression of the 



Pragmatic sanction of France again.- 1 the 



Council of Pisa. 

 1545. Of Trent, the twentieth (Ecumenical, as regarding 



the affairs of all the Christian world; it was held 



to condemn the doctrines of the reformers, 



her, Zuinglius, and Calvin. 

 1870. Of Rome, the last (Ecumenical which adopted the 



dogma of Papal infallibility. 



( red. A summary of belief, from the 

 Latin credo (I believe), with which the Apostles' 

 X Irene Creeds begin. These two creeds, 

 'tlier with the Athanasian Creed, are the 

 ancient authoritative Christian creeds, 

 igh numerous ancient formularies of faith 

 e preserved in the writings of the early fathers. 



The belief in evil spirits, witches, etc., was in 

 the Seventeenth Century so common that they 

 became the objects of judicial process. With 

 the progress of the natural sciences, however, 

 in the Kiirhteenth Century many wonderful phe- 

 nomena became explained, and less was heard 

 of witchcraft. 



Dew. The moisture which rises into the 

 pftmosphere during the day, and is afterwards 

 deposited on the earth in gentle drops during tin- 

 night. The air. when heated during the day, is 

 capable of holding a larger quantity of water in 

 solution as vapor, than when cooled during the 

 night, the low temperature of which causes some 

 of the water to separate. The separated parti- 

 it ing. form drops of dew. When the night 

 is cloudy, the surfaces on which the dew would 

 be deposited are not sufficiently cooled down for 

 rpose. since the clouds give back some of 

 the heat which passed off by radiation. 



Digestion is that process in the animal body 

 by which the aliments are so acted upon that the 

 nutritive parts are prepared to enter the circula- 

 tion, and separated from those which cannot 

 affonl nourishment to the body. The organs 

 elTectinir tin- process are called the diiji-xtlre. 

 organs, and consis't of the stomach, the great and 

 small intf-- the liver, and pancreas. 



Win ii the aliments, after being properly prepared 



and mixed with saliva by mastication, have 

 I the stomach, they are intimately united 



with a liquid substance called the //i.s/r/. 



motion ,,f the stomach. I'.y this motion 

 ments are mechanically separated into 



'nallest pal t rated by the gastric 



Tined into a uniform pulpy ..r 

 fluid mass. The ira-tric juice acts u|Nn the 

 flbuminoua parts of the food, converting them 



ptones, which can pass through o 

 membranes and thus enters the Mood. This 

 action i- aided by the warmth of the M. 

 The pulpy mass called chyme, proceeds from the 

 stomach, through the pylorus, into that part 



| of the intestinal canal called the small intestine, 

 where it is mixed with the pancreatic juice, bile, 

 and intestinal juice. The pancreatic juice con- 

 verts starch into sugar, albumins into peptones, 

 and emulsionizes fats, so that all these kinds of 

 food are rendered capable of absorption. The 

 process is aided by the intestinal juice. The 

 bile also acts upon fats, and thus the food is 

 formed into the chi/lc. which is absorbed into 

 the system by the capillary vessels called lacteal*. 

 while the non-nutritious matters pass down the 

 intestinal canal and are carried off. 



Dissenter. One who secedes from, or is 

 opposed to, the service and worship prescribed 

 by any established or State -Church. In Eng- 

 land, the term is applied (indifferently with that 

 of Nonconformist) to those who do not conform 

 to the rites and services of the Church as estab- 

 lished by law of the land. It must be under- 

 stood that the term does in no case apply to 

 either Jews or Roman Catholics. Thus the ap- 

 parent paradox exists that in England the Pres- 

 byterian body are Dissenters, while in Scotland 

 they form the Established Church, leaving the 

 Episcopalians as the chief dissenting body. In 

 this country, there being no State Church, such 

 differences in the ecclesiastical polity have. 

 necessarily, no existence. 



Distillation. An operation by which a 

 liquid is converted into vapor by heat, which 

 vapor is condensed by cold in a separate vessel. 

 It may be employed for various purposes: thus 

 simple distillation purifies liquids; it enables a 

 more volatile to be separated from a less volatile 

 substance; by its means a liquid possessing a 

 definite boiling-point may be separated from 

 other liquids possessing other boiling-points. 

 This latter is known as fractional rfuti&ation, 

 and is much used in the separation of hydro- 

 carbons, the various products being collected 

 at intervals of, say, ten degrees of temperature. 

 The essential parts of a distilling apparatus are 

 a vessel in which the substance is heated, called 

 sometimes a still and sometimes a retort; a con- 

 denser or refrigerator, in which the va|>or is cooled, 

 and a receiver in which the condensed products 

 are collet-ted. Distillation was an important 

 operation in the earliest alchemical processes of 

 which we have any record ; it does not. h< 

 appear to have been known before the time of 

 Pliny. 



Dominicans. An order of preaching 

 friars, founded at Toulouse in 1 -!.">. by the Span- 

 ish St. hominic de (In/man, who was born in 

 Old Castile, in 1 170. became one of the ins! 

 of the crusade against the Albiuen- 

 ill IL'L'I. This order, continued by bull OJ 

 Honorius, 1216, rapidly multiplied in CI 

 doin. hi course of time, however, the I >omini- 

 cans were superseded in the nOOOtf by ti 

 nits, and were also eclipsed by the treat rival 

 order ot tli.- ms. Among the lights of 



1 he Dominican order may be counted St. 1 lioinns 

 Aquinas and Albert us Magnus. In r 



In- order has been resuscitated in 1 

 by the labors of Pore Ln! 

 they are likewise to be found in Helium. Hun 

 gary, 8 ud the I'm-, 



Their r ' . including rigmu* 



and total nl ron fl I hey wear a 



