712 



THE STANDARD DICTIONARY OF FACTS 



is of 16 candle-power. The bright electric lights 

 in the street are 1.200 to 1,500 candle-power. 

 The Statue of Liberty light is 48,000 candle- 

 power. Going to the 'other extreme, we have 

 very small lights of 1. \. and even | candle-power 

 for special purposes. They are used for house 

 'ions, in the hair with ball costumes, in 

 bouquets, etc.. but the important uses are for 

 illuminating for exploration places into which 

 no burning light could be introduced, as in the 

 method recently devised by medical electricians 

 of illuminating the interior of the stomach for 

 examination. 



Engineering, the branch of science deal- 

 ing with the de-iirn. construction, and operation 

 of various machines, structures, and engines used 

 in the arts, trades, and everyday life. Engineer- 

 ing is divided into many branches, the more 

 important being civil, mechanical, electrical, 

 mining, military, marine, and sanitary engineer- 

 ing. Mechanical engineering has to do with 

 the design, construction, and operation of ma- 

 chinery, the design of manufacturing plants, and 

 all branches of industrial production. The 

 mechanical engineer's education should be 

 similar to that of the civil engineer, with the 

 addition of a knowledge of the theory and prac- 

 tice of machine construction. Electrical engi- 

 neering is a branch of mechanical engineering 

 and includes the application of electricity to 

 mechanical and industrial pursuits, as derived 

 from some other source of energy. Mining 

 engineering is a combination of the three pre- 

 ceding branches as applied to the discovery and 

 operation of mines, the building of mineral 

 working plants, and treatment of ores. Military 

 engineering deals entirely with the arts of war, 

 the design, construction and maintenance of 

 fortifications, machines of defense and attack, 

 ordnance, and the surveying of country in prepa- 

 ration for military operations. Marine engi- 

 neering is partly military and partly civil, 

 embracing naval architecture, building and 

 operating of ships and naval accessories. In 

 the military sense, it comprises the construc- 

 tion of war vessels and the construction and 

 placing of torpedoes, submarine mines, etc. 

 Sanitary engineering consists of the construc- 

 tion of sewers and drains, providing for the 

 cleaning of city streets and the disposal of gar- 

 bage and sewage, reclaiming of swamps, and 

 overcoming of all conditions tending to interfere 

 with public health. The education and training 

 of the engineer in modern times have called for 

 the establishment of technical schools and 

 courses in engineering in the large colleges and 

 universities. These schools provide the student 

 with the theories of mathematics, mechanics, 

 and engineering, and by means of extensive 

 laboratory and outside work provide him with 

 practice in the design, construction, and use of 

 modern engineering appliances. 



Episcopal Church, Protestant, a 

 denomination in the United States directly 

 descended from the Church of England, which 

 doctrinally claims to be based on the Holy 

 Scriptures, as interpreted in the Apostles and 

 other ancient creeds of the Church that have 

 been universally received, and to have kept her- 

 self aloof from all the modern systems of faith, 



whether of Calvin, or Luther, or Arminius, leav- 

 ing its members free to enjoy their own opinions 

 on all points not represented in the Scriptures as 

 necessary to soul's health, and refusing to be 

 narrowed down to any other creed or creeds t han 

 those of the Apostles and the Primitive Church. 

 It claims also to have retained all that is essen- 

 tial to Church organization in its episcopate, and 

 in its liturgy to nave not only a wise and judi- 

 cious compend of doctrine and devotion, but 

 also one of the most effectual of all possible con- 

 servative safeguards for the faith once delivered 

 to the saints. Three clerical orders are recog- 

 nized bishops, priests, and deacons the 

 first deriving their office in direct succession from 

 the apostles by episcopal consecration, and the 

 others receiving ordination at the hands of a 

 bishop. Those of the second order are entitled 

 archdeacons, deans, rectors, vicars, or curates, 

 according to their functions. A reader is a lay- 

 man licensed by the bishop to read in a church 

 or chapel where there is no clergyman. Parson 

 signifies a clergyman in possession of a parochial 



| church. From the time of the first congrega- 

 tions of the Church of England, in America, in 

 1607, to the close of the Revolution, all the 

 clergy in the colonies were regarded as under the 

 supervision of the Bishop of London. The first 

 American Bishop was Rev. Samuel Seabury, 

 who, in 1783, was consecrated in Scotland as 

 Bishop of Connecticut. All Protestant Episco- 

 pal Churches in the United States are associated 

 in one national body, called the General Conven- 

 tion, which meets triennially. 



Fathers of the Church, the name given 

 to certain writers, or apologists, of the early 

 Christian Church. They are usually divide* 1 i n t o 

 three classes the Apostolic Fathers, the Primi- 

 tive Fathers, and (simply) the Fathers. The 

 Apostolic Fathers, who were contemporary to 

 some extent with the apostles, are Hermas. 

 Barnabas, Clemens Romanus, Ignatius, and 

 Polycarp. The Primitive Fathers, who lived in 

 the Second and Third Centuries, include Justin 

 Martyr, Irena3us, Athenagoras, Clemens Alex 

 andrinus, Hippolytus, and Origen (who wrote 

 in Greek), and Tertullian, Minutius Felix, and 

 Cyprian (who wrote in Latin). The Fathers, or 

 those of the Fourth and Fifth Centuries, belonged 

 either to the Greek or to the Latin Church. The 

 principal Greek Fathers are Eusebius. Athanasius. 

 Ephraem Syrus, Basil, Cyril of Jerusalem, 

 Gregory Nazienzen, Macarius, Gregory Nyssen, 

 Epiphanius, John Chrysostom, Cyril of Alex- 

 andria, and Theodoret. The principal Latin 

 Fathers are Hilary, Lactantius, Ambrose, 

 Jerome, and Augustine. 



Friends, Society of, the organization 

 commonly called Quakers, founded in the middle 

 of the Seventeenth Century by George Fox. 

 They are distinguished from other Christian 



I bodies by the special stress they lay on the 

 immediate teaching and guidance of the Holy 

 Spirit, and their belief that no one should be 

 paid or appointed by human authority for the 

 exercise of the gift of the ministry. In obedi- 

 ence to this belief they hold their meetings wit h- 

 out any prearranged service or sermon, and 

 sometimes in total silence. The Friends believe 

 that the sacraments of Baptism and the Lord's 



